MOLDAVII

MOLDAVII, Respublikai Sovetii Sosialisti (Respublika Sovetii) Sosialisti Mol­dovenyaska), Moldova.

Malumoti umumi. 12 oktyabri 192-11 RASS Moldavii dar hayati RSSU va badi ba SSSR hamroh shuda in Bes­sarabiya 2 avgusti 1940 RSS Molddavi tash­kil yoft. Moldavii dar intihoi J. G-i qismi evropoii SSSR voqe gardidaast. Dar G. bo Respublikai Sosialistii Ruminiya, dar Shim. Sh. va J. bo RSSU hamhudud ast. Masokhatash 33,7 hazor km¹. Aholiash 3995 hazor nafar (yanvar 1981). Respublika ba 37 rayon taqsim buda, 21 shahr, az jumla 9 shahri tobei respublikavi va 44 ptsh dorad. Poytakhtash sh. Kishinyov (547 hazor aholi, 1981).

Sokhti davlati. RSS Mold. davlati umumikhalqi, respublikai sovetii sosialistii ittifoqi dar hayati SSSR. Konstitusiyai joriashro Ses­siyai 8-umi gayrinavbatii Soveti Olii RSS Mold. 15 apreli 1978 qabul kardaast. Organi olii hokimiyat — Soveti Olii respublika, dar davrai bayni sessiyaho Prezidium» Soveti Oli. Organi olii ijroiya va amrdihanda — Soveti Vazironi RSS Mold. Organhoi hokimiyati mahalli Sovethoi deputathoi khalqii rayoni, shahri, posyolkavi va qishloqi meboshand.

Tabiat. Terr. Moldavii hamvorii teppador. Balandtarin joi on dar qismi markazii respublika voqe ast. Ba­landii markazii Moldavii Kodra (429 m) nom dorad. Balandii nazdi Dnestr qad-qadi sohili Dnestr tul kashidaast. Qismi shim. Moldaviiro khamvorii Shimoli Moldaviya (250—300 m) ishgol kardaast; dar J. hamvorii Janubi Moldaviya voqe ast, ki tadrijan ba pastii nazdi bahr Siyoh tabdil meyobad. Zamini Moldavii az masolehi binokori (ohaksang, gil, sangreza,  bur, gaj, mergel, per, az jumla regi shishabob) boy ast. Konhoi fosforit, neft, gaz, bentopit va g. niz hastand. Iqlimash — mutadili konti­nenti. Harorati miyonai iyul dar Shim. 19,5 S va dar J. 22^e S, yanvar muvofiqan — 5* S — 3° S. Borishoti solona dar J. 370—400 va dar Shimol to 560 mm. Daryoho ba havzai bahri Siyoh mansuband. Daryoi kalontarin —Dnestr (dar hududi Moldavii tulash 657 km), shokhobhoi asosii on — Rout, Bik, Botna. Daryoi duyumi nisbatan kalon — Prut bo shokhobhoyash: Chugur, Kamen­ka, Larga va g. Qismi ziyodi zaminash az khelhoi gunoguni siyohkhok iborat (75% terr. Moldavii) ast; khokash—siyohtob, khokistari, allyuvialiyu margzori va g. qarib 8% hududi Moldavii beshazor ast (bulut, momroz, olash, zayzafun, shung va g.). Dar vodihoi Dnestr va Prut beshahoi safedor, bulut, bed va g. niz hastand. Olami hayvonot: ohu, ruboh, gurg, guroz, qashqaldoq, beshtar az 70 namudi parranda, az khoyandaho yurmon, khaz va g. duchor meoyand. Bo maqsadi muhofizati landshafti tabiii qismi markazii Moldaviya kuruki «Kod­ra» (2,7 hazor ga) tashkil shuda­ast.

Aholi. Aholii asosi — moldaviho, inchunin ukrainho, rusho, gagauzho, yahudiyon, bulgorho va digar khalqho zindagi mekunand. Aholii Moldavii dar solhoi Hokimiyati Soveti khele afzud. Moldavii az rui zichii miyonai aholi (117, 2 nafar dar 1 km², soli 1979) dar bayni respublikahoi ittifoqi joi avvalro ishgol menamoyad. Shahrhoi kalon: Kishinyov, Tiraspol, Bel­si, Beyderi.

Ocherki tarikhi. Qadimtarin osori inson dar hududi Moldavii ba davrai palsoliti poyon (boshishgohi duruitori, gori Vikhvatinsi va g.) mansub ast. Dar davrai paleoliti bolo qavmho paydo shudand. Dar hamin davra aholi bo shikoru dehqoni va mohigiri mashgul bud. Dar hazorahoi 4—3 to m. osori madaniyati Tripole (holo dehahoi Varvarovka, Karakushani Kudna va g.) bisyor yoft shudaast. Az okhiri hazorai 2 to m. guzashtan ba davrai ohan cap me­shavad. Asrhoi 4—3 to Moldavii dar hududi Moldavii qabilahoi frakii getu dakho zindagi mekardand. Dar asri 1 to m. bayni getu dakho davlati ibtidoii gulomdori — Dakiya tashkil yoft, ki onro soli 106 to m. rimiho zabt kar­dand. Az hamin vaqt prosessi romanikunonii aholii muqimi ogoz yofta, zaboni lotini nufuz paydo karda, asosi zabonhoi romanii sharqi, az jumla zaboni moldavi gardid. Terr. Moldaviii hozira ba Dakiyai Rim dokhil nashuda boshad ham, aholii on zeri tasiri madaniyati Rim monda bud. Asrhoi 6—7 slavyanho sokini Balkan, Podunaviya va mavzehoi bayni d-hoi Prutu Dnestr shuda, dar peshravii hayoti iqtisodi, siyosi va etnikii aholii mahaldi roli kalon bozidand. Dar asrhoi 12—14 dar jam­iyati valakhho tashakkuli sinfhoi feodalon ogoz yoft, zamindoroni ka­lon paydo shudand. Nohiyahoi vodii d. Moldovaro dar nimai 1 asri 14 chingiziyon giriftand, ki onhoro feodaloni vepger az kishvari khud ronda budand. Dar miyonai asri 13—nimai avvali asri 14 Moldavii zeri asorati mugulho mond va badi ronda shudani onho giriftori zulmi shohi Vengriya gardid. Soli 1359, dar natijai bomuvaffaqiyat anjom yoftani shurishi ziddi Vengriya, knyazii mustaqili feodalii Moldavii tashkil yofta, dar yak muddati kutoh zamini bayni Karpatu Dnestrro ishgol na­mud. Moldavii soli 1456 bori nakhust ba Turkiya khiroj medod. Hokim Stefani III Kabir (1457—1504), ki bo knyazi buzurgi Moskva Ivani III Vasile­vich ittifoq basta bud, ba muqobili tajovuzi turkho qahramonona muboriza burd. Vale avvali asri 16 Moldavii komilan tobei Turkiya gardid. Dar asri 16 aksariyati dehqononi ozod ba krepostnoiho denchinho tabdil yoftand. Bo amri hokim Vasile Lupul (1646) krepostnoychigi purra ba rasmiyat darovarda shud. Dehqonon ba muqobili zulmi feodaliyu asorati turkho muboriza meburdapd. Dar Moldavii barobari khurujhoi intiqomgirandagoni khalqi — gaydukho shurishhoi dehqonon am (slhoi 1490—92,1563,1581, 1671—72 va g.) ba amal meomadand. Moldavnho baroi ba muqobili istilogaroni ajnabi muboriza burdan bo      kazakhoi ukrain ittifoq bastand. Moldaviho dar muborizai ozodikhohonai khalqi ukrain bo sardorii Bogdan Khmelniskiy ishtirok kardand. Moldavii ba maqsadi az yugi turkho ozod shudan borho ba Moskva murojiat namuda, khohish kard, ki on­ro ba raiyai rus qabul kunad (solhoi 1656, 1674, 1683 va g.). Soli 1711 hokim Dmitriy Kantemir dar borai ba raiyai rus dokhil shudani Moldavii bo Pyotri I shartnoma bast. Ammo dar natijai yurishi Prutin soli 1711 turkho az mamlakat ronda nashudand. Baraks, dar mamlakat rejimi fanariho barqapop gardid (ashrofoni turk va yunonihoi boi mahallii aslan az Fanari nazdi Qustantapiya hokim tain meshudand). Dehqonon dar natijai afzudani vazni qiyosii rentai markazonidashuda (hamchun andoz doda meshud) ozodii shakhsi (soli 1749) ba dast ovardand. Vale onho ba joyhoi istiqomati vobasta budand va andoz medodand. Aholii Moldavii dar simoi Rossiya quvvai tavonoero did, ki kishvarashro az hukmi Turkiya ozod karda metavonad. Az in ru, dar janghoi asri 18 va avvali asri 19 bayni Rossiyai) Turkiya faolona ishtirok kard. Hazoron ikhtiyoriyoni Moldavii dar safhoi qushunhoi rus jangidand. Muvofiqi shartnomai Yassa soli 1791 qismi sohili chapi Dnestrn Moldavii ba Rossiya guzasht va muvofiqi sulhnomai soli 1812 Bukharest nohiyahoi bayni daryohoi Prut va Dnestr az yugi turkho ozod gashta, ba sifati viloyati Bessara­biya (az soli 1879 guberniya) ba Rossiya damrod karda shud. In damrodshavi dar taqdiri tarikhii khalqi Moldavii ta­siri buzurgi progressivi guzosht. Surati taraqqiyoti iqtisodiyoti mamlakat baland shud, madaniyati peshqadami rus tasiri kalon rasond; tabaqahoi peshqadami jamiyatii Moldavii ba harakati revolyusionii Rossiya hamroh shudand. Soli 1897 shumorai aholi az 240 000 nafar, soli 1812 to 1935,5 hazor afzud. Ba tufayli islohoti dehqonii solhoi 1861—75 dar Bessarabiya munosibathoi kapi­talisti inkishof yoft. Vale dar kishvar sanoat sust taraqqi mekard va chun peshina hunarmandiyu kosibi afzaliyat dosht. Dar Moldavii harakati dehqnon avj girift. Tanho solhoi 1870—71 taqriban 70 oshubi dehqonon sar zada bud. Be harakati jamiyatii Moldavii tasiri dekabristho khele kalon ast. Dar Kishinyov shubai Jamiyatii janubii dekabriston amal mekard. Dar miyonai solhoi 70 avvlin mahfilhoi khalqchiyoi paydo shudand. Az khalqchiyoni mahalli I. Kodryanu, F. Denish, D. Fruizo va digar mahsuloti sanoat nisbat ba soli 1913 ham khurda istodaast. Darajai nekuahvolii mehnatkashon baland megardand. Millati burjuazii moldav tashakkul yoft. Okhiri asri 19—ibtidoi asri 20 avvalin mahfrilhoi marksisti paydo shudand. Soli 1902 dar Kishinyov matbaai makhfii g. «Iskra» kor mekard. Solrevolyusiyai yakumi rus dar kishvar miting, namoish, korpartoihoi bisyor cap zadand. Rohiohanchiyoni Bnderi ba alomati hamrayi dekabrii soli 19905  Moskva korpartoi elon kardand. Dar Kishinyov namoishi bisyorhazornafara ­ba amal omad, ki onro polisiya tirboron kard. Oshubhoi dehqonon besh az 170 deharo faro giriftand. Solhoi Jangi yakumi jahoni hajmi mahsuloti khojagii qishloq va sanoat kam shud. Badi Revolyutsiyai burjuazi-demokratii fevral dar Benderi, Tiraspol, Kishivyov va digar shahrhoi Moldavii Sovetho tashkil yoftand. Ammo dar Sovetho sozishgaronu millatchiyoni burjuazi afzaliyat doshtand. Bolshevikoni Moldavii, ki peshtar (bo menshevnkon) ba tashkilothoi muttahidai RSDRP dokhil budand, sentyabr— dekabr 1917 dar Kishinyov, Benderi, Tiraspol, Ungeni va Brichani tashkilothoi mustaqili bolsheviki barpo kardand. Noyabr— dekabri 1917 dar bisyor shahru dehaho Hokimiyati Soveti poydor gardid. Rohbaroni kontrrevolyusionii «Sfatul sariya» («Shuroi mamlakat») baroi ba mukobili Hokimiyati Soveti muboriza burdan az davlathoi Gapb, ki Bessarabiyaro dar intervensiyai eiddisoveti istehkom mepindoshtand, avj girift. madad pursidand. Dekabri 1918 qushunhoi Ruminiyai podshohi bo yorii Antaita ba Bessarabiya zada daromaand. Vale, sarfi nazar az in, 1(14) yanvari 1918 dar Kishinyov Hokimiyati            Soveti barqaror gasht. Ibtidoi yanvari 1918 Hokimiyati Soveti dar tamomi kishvar galaba kard. Ddr muboriza bahri galabai Sovetho dar M. E. M. Venediktov, Ya. D. Meleshin, G. I. Kotovskiy, F. Ya. Leveizon, A. G. Paladiy va digar khele khizmat kardand. Ruminiyai podshohi tajovuzi ziddi sovetiro rivoj doda, miyonai marti 1918 tamomi Bessarabiyaro ishgol namud va etirozi Khukumati Soveti va aholii mahalliro ba inobat nagirifta, onro zuran ba terr. Khud rayonhoi sohili rosti respublika Moldovii dar hayati RSSU tashkiloti hamroh kard. Fevrali 1920 rayonhoi sohili chapi Dnestri Moldoviya az gvardiyachiyoni safedi aksulinqilobi ozod karda shudand. Bessarabiya zeri hukmronii Ruminiyai burjuazi mond. 12 oktyabr dar rafti ba amal tatbiqshavii leni ilmi dar sohili chapi Dnestr RASS Moldavii tashkil gardid. Dar panjsolahoi pesh az jang jihozonida shuda, korkhonahoi nav qomat rost kardand. Soli 1940 hajmi mahsuloti sanoat nisbat ba soli 1913 33 marotiba afzud. Dar respublika revolyutsiyai madani ba amal omada, prosesi tashakkulyobii millati sotsialistii Moldav sar shud. Dar ayni hol aholii Bessarabiya zeri zulmi ijtimoi va milli bud. soli 1935 beshtar az ¼ qismi korkhonahoi kaloni sanoati rasman basta shudand. Vaziyati khojagii qishloq badtar meshud. Mehnatkashoni Bessarabiya zeri rohbarii kommuniston ba muqobili istilogaron sobitqadamona muboriza burdand. Shurishhoi Benderi (soli 1919) Khotin 1919 Tatarbunari (1924) ba in shahodat medihad. Dar kishvar kommuniston pinhoni amal mekardand. SSSR baroi ozodii Bessarabiya, inchunin ba Vatani Soveti mutttahid namudani on muntazam va sobitqadamona muboriza meburd. Hukumati Soveti dar notai khud (az 26 iyuni 1940) az Ruminiya talab namud, ki Bessarabiyai zabtshudaro ba SSSR bargadonad. Ruminiya in talabro ijro kard. 28 iyuni 1940 Bessarabiya ozod karda shud. Dar Hokimiyati Soveti barqaror gardid. Sessiyai haftumi Soveti Oliii SSSR dar borai tashkili SSSR Moldavii qonun qabul kard, ki muvofiqi on 6 uzvi Bessarabiya ba hayati RSS Moldaviya dokhil shudand. Fevrali soli 1946 Soveti Olii RSS Moldavii Konstitutsiyai RSS Molaviiro qabul kard. Moldoviro dar ibtidoi Jangi Buzurgi Vatanai qushunhoi nemisu rumin ishgol kardand. fashistoni nemisu rumin hokimiyati pomeshikonu kapitalistiro barqaror namudand. Dar hududi ishgolgardida Harakati khalqii Muqobilat avj girift. Qismhoi partizanii moldaviho dar hududi Ukraina va soli 1944 dar Molavii ba amal kardand. sadho hazor nafar moldaviho dar safhoi Armiyai Soveti jangidand: 85 hazor nafar bo ordenu medalho mukofotonida shudand, ba 16 kas nomi Qahramoni Ittifoqi Soveti doda shud. Tamomi respublika avgusti 1944 ozod gardid. Fashiston dar solhoi istilo besh az 64 hazor nafar aholiro kushtand: 47 hazor nafarro zuran ba Germaniya burdand, ziyoda az 1000 korkhonai sanoati qarib nisfi khonahoi istiqomatirol kharob kardand. Bo yorii barodaronai hamai respublikahoi soveti khojagii khalqi Molavii az nav barqaror karda shud. To oikhiri soli 1950 dar rayonhoi sohili rosti respublika kollektivonii khojagii khalq asosan ba okhir rasid. Solhoi 50-60 dar Moldavii barobari taraqqiyoti sanoati khurokvori sohahoi navi industriyai sosialisti (moshinsozi, asbobsozi, energetika, va g) barpo gprdidand. Dar natijai industriyakunonii sotsialisti qafomonii iqtisodii Moldavii barham khurd. Sinfi korgar ba kamol rasid. Agar soli 1970 shumorai on 675 hazornafar rasid. Farqi bayni shahru dehot to raft barham khurda istodaast. Darajai nakuahvolii mehnatkashon baland megardad. Faqat soli 1978 dar shahru dehot 1396 m manzilgoh ba istifoda doda shud. Sokhtmoni madani bomuvaffaqiyat davom dorad. Dar miyonai solhoi 50 bnsavodi mahv gardid.darajai malumoti umumii aholi baland shud. Soli tahsili 1978-79ba har 10, 000 aholi 125 studentoni maktabhoi oli 151 khonandagoni maktabhoi miyonai makhsus rost meomad. Dar Moldavii AF RSS Moldavii maktabhoi oliyu teatrhoi nav va g tashkil va kushoda shudand. Tashkilothoi partiyavi doir ba tarbiyai kommunistii ommai vasei mehnatkashon kori ziyodero anjom medihand. Madaniyati shaklai milliyu mazmuni sotsialistii khalqi Moldav bomuvaffaqiyat inkishof meyobad. Dar rafti sokhtmoni sotsialisti tashakkuli millati sotsialistii moldav ba okhir rasid. Rnspublika, ki bo ordeni Lenin (1958). Revolyutsiyai oktyabr (1974) Dustii Khalqho (1972) mukofotonida shudaast.

Partiyai kommunisti, komsomol, ittifoqhoi kasaba. Avvali mahfilhoi guruhhoi sotsial-demokratdar Moldavii okhiri asri 19 avvali asri 20 paydo shudand. Dar Kishinyov soli 1902 Komiteti RSDRPtashkil gardid. Dar tarbiyai revolyutsionii korgaroni Moldavii va tasisi tashkilothoi s.- d. badargashudagoni siyosii Peterburg va digar markazhoi proletari, inchunin avvalin dar Russiya matbaaai pinhonii gazetai leninii «Iskra» dar Kishinyof, k ibo tashabbus va zeri rohbarii V. I. Lenin barpo shuda bud, roli muhim bozidand. Bolshevikoni Moldavii dar davrai revolyutsiyai yakumi solhoi 1905-1907 ba muborizai mehnatkashoni kishvar ba muqobili mutlaqiyat sarvari namuda, ittifoqi jangovaronai sinfi korgaru dehqonro mustahkam mekardand, dar bayni soldatho kori revolyutsioni meburdand. Bolshevikoni Moldavii badi sarnagun kardani mutlaqiyat baroi dar kishvar poydor namudani Hokimiyati Soveti va pesh kardani tajovuzkoroni rumi, muboriza burdand. Fevrali 1919 tashkilothoi kommunisti Bessarabiya dar tashkiloti RKP (b) Bessarabiya muttahid karda shudand, ki badtar (soli 1922) muvaqqatan ba hayati Partiyai Kommunistii Ruminiya dokhil gardidand. Oktyabri 1924 barobari tashkili RASS, Moldovii dar hayati RSSU tashkiloti partiyavii viloyatii Moldavii tasis karda shud. KM VKP (b) 14 avgusti 1940 badi az yugi tajovuzkoroni Ruminiya ozod gardidani Bessarabiya va tashkil yoftani RSS Moldavii tashkiloti partiyavii viloyatii Moldaviiro ba PK (b) Moldavii tabdil dod. PK (b) Moldavii az ruzhoi avvali Jangi Buzurgi Vatani muborizai mehnatkashoni respub­likaro ba muqobili fashistoni istilogar tashkil namud. Hazoron kommunistoni Moldavii ba armiyai amalkunanda, polki kommunistii Kishinyov, batalonhoi qirkunanda va fidoiyoni khalqi safarbar shudand. Dar aqibgohi dushman harakati partizani va pinhonkorii vataniarvari avj girifta, markazi pinhonkorii partiyavii respublikavi tashkil karda shud. PK (b) Moldavii dar davrai badi jang muborizai khalqi moldavro bahri barqaror kardani khojagii khalq industrikunoni, taraqqiyoti minbadai iqtisodiyot va madaniyati respublika tashkil namud. Avvalin tashkilothoi revolyusionii javononi Moldavii dar davrai tayyorii Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr paydo va soli 1918 tashkilothoi Ittifoqi kommunistii javonon tasis shudand. Komsomoli respublika dar hamai davrahoi muborizai muqobili dushmanoni Hokimiyati Soveti baroi sokhtmoni osoishtai sosializm ba PK Moldavii faolona yordam kard. Hazoron komsomolon barobari cap shudani Jangi Buzur­gi Vatani ba front raftand. On­ho dar hududi ishgolshudai respub­lika pinhonkorona va dar safhoi dastahoi partizani ba muqobili istilogaroni nemisu rumin qahramonona muboriza burdand. Dar solhoi panjsolahoi badi jang kom­somoli Moldavii dar barqaror namudan va minbad taraqqi dodani khojagii khalq va madaniyati respublika fa­olona ishtirok kard. LKSM Moldavii bo ordeni Bayraqi Surkhi Mehnat mukofotonida shudaast (1975).

Harakati ittifoqhoi kasaba okhiri asri 19 — ibtidoi asri 20 rivoj yoft. Dar solhoi Revolyutsiyai 1905—07 khele avj girift.

Soli  1925 Soveti viloyati va soli 1948 So­veti respublikavii ittifoqhoi ka­saba intikhob karda shud.

1 yanvari 1980 PK Moldaviya 150349 azo, LKSM Mold. 564012 va Ittifoqhoi kasabai Moldaviya 1936925 azo dosht.

Khojagii khalq. Moldaviya dar solhoi Ho­kimiyati Soveti az nohiyai khojagii qishloqi qafomonda va sanoatash sust taraqqikarda, ki doroi korkhonahoi khurdi nimkosibi bud, ba respublikai ag­rariyu industrialii sohibi sanoa­ti kaloni sosialisti va khojagii qishloqi peshqadami sermahsul tabdil yoft. Moldaviya dar taqsimoti umumiittifoqii mehnat yake az rayonhoi muhimi to­ku bogdori, parvarishi meva, juvorimakka, oftobparast, lablabui qand, sabzavot, tamoku, rastanihoi ravgani efirdor, istehsoli sharob, konserv, ravgani rastani, shakar, ravgani efir meboshad. Dar solhoi Hokimiyati Soveti Moldaviya ba respubli­kai sersohai sanoati tabdil yoft. Barobari taraqqiyoti sohahoi sanoa­ti khurokvori, sohahoi elektroener­getika, moshinsozi, asbobsozi, elekt­rotekhnika, khimiya, sement, bofandagi, konserv va digar sohahoi sanoat ba vujud omadand. Soli 1980 stansiyahoi elektri 15585 mln kVt s quvvai elektr istehsol kardand. Sanoati khurokvori — cohai asosii sanoat. Sohahoi istehsolkunandai vino, konserv, shakar, ravgan, tamoku, ravgani efir- taraqqi kardaand. Vinoyu konyaki Moldaviya dar konkurshoi baynalkhalqi beshtar az 100 medal giriftand. Sanoati puriqtidori konserv barpo shudaast, ki ziyoda az 100 nomgui konservi meva va sabzavot is­tehsol mekunad. Sanoati moshinsozi va korkardi metall, traktor, moshinhoi hisobbarori, nasoskhhi markazgurez, yakhdon, moshinhoi jomashui, muharrikhoi elektri, moshin­hoi khojagii qishloq apparathoi elektrii pastshiddat, transformatorho, masnuoti kabeli va g. istehsol mekunand. Kor­khonahoi sanoati khimiya: kombinati charmi suni va masnuoti reziniyu tekhniki, zavodhoi khimiyaviyu biokhimiyavi, tamiri shina, loku rang va g. mavjudand. Sanoati masolehi binokori (kombinati sementu shifer, zavodi gaz, korkhonahoi masnuoti ohanu beton, shisha, mebel) ham taraqqi kardaast. Korkhonahoi sanoati sabuk shohi va matohoi pakhtagin, trikotaj, matoi pashmin, poyafzol, qolin va g. istehsol mekunand. Xojagii qishloq dar aso­si konsentrasiya va makhsusgardoni dar zaminai kooperasiyai baynikhojagi va integrasiyai agrariyu sanoati, barpo namudani korkhonahoi makhsusgardonidashudai baynikhojagi va agrariyu sanoati, ittihodiyahoi istehsoli va ilmiyu istehsoli ru ba taraqqist. Avvali soli 1978 khojagii qishloqi Moldaviya 7,1 hazor traktor, 3,3 hazor kombayni galladarav, 3,4 hazor avtomobili borkash girift. Sarshumori chorvo (ba hiso­bi hazor cap, 1980): gov —1175,0 (az jumla modagov — 434,6); khuk—1969,1, gusfandu buz —1176,2. Darozii rohi ohan —1,11 hazor km; rohhoi avtomobilgard — 32,1 hazor km.

Nigahdorii tandurusti. Soli 1978 ba har 1000 nafar aholi 20,1 tavallud va 9,8 favt rost meomad. Kasalihoi varaja, shilpuk,, pol pomelit barham khurdand. Soli 1978 dar M oldaviya 339 muassisai tabobatii doroi 42,0 hazor kat (116,6 kat ba 10.000 aholi) mavjud bud. Ba aholi 513 muassisai ambula­toriyu polikliniki yorii tibbi rasondand. Soli 1978 dar respublika 221 konsultasiyahoi zanona va poliklinikai bachagona kor mekard, stansiyahoi epidempologii sanitari va g. bud. Soli 1978 dar muassisahoi tabobatiyu peshgirii kasaliho 11,6 hazor nafar dukhtur va 35,3 hazor korkuni tibbii doroi malumoti miyonai makhsus khizmat mekardand. Kadrho dar Instituti tibbii Kishinyov va 7 omuzishgohi tibbi tayyor karda meshavand.

3 instituti tadqiqoti ilmi (onkologiya, sil, gigiena va epidemiologiya) kor mekard. Soli 1978 dar M oldaviya 13 sanatoriya bud.

Maorifi khalq, muassisahoi ilmi va madani. Soli tahsili 1914/15 dar hududi hozirai Moldaviya 1314 maktabi malumoti umumi bud. Dar maktabhoi ibtidoi faqat 20% bachagoni sinni maktabi tahsil mekardand. Baroi farzandoni korgaronu dehqonon maktabi miyona dastnoras bud. Badi Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr baroi khalqi moldav rohi vasei inkishofi madani kushoda shud. Talim ba zaboni modari avj girift. Dar RASS Moldaviya masalai malumoti umumii haftsola to soli 1938 asosan hal gar­did. Ammo vaziyat dar Bessarabiyai Ruminiyai podshohi tamoman digar bud. Dar in jo aksariyati bachaho tahsil namekardand va 85% aholi besavod bud. Talim ba zaboni moda­ri man karda shuda bud. Soli tahsili 1940/41, badi ba SSSR hamroh shudani Bessarabiya va tashkil shuda­ni RSS Moldaviya dar respublika 1864 maktab, 22 maktabi miyonai makhsus, 6 maktabi oli kor mekard. Istilogaron dar davrai Jangi Buzurgi Vatani beshtar az 600 maktabro vayron kardand va suzondand, tajhizoti maktabhoro gorat namudand. Badi az yuri fashiston ozod gashtani Moldaviya az nav barqaror kardan va sokhtani maktabho avj girift. Besavodii aho­lii kalonsol solhoi 50 barham khurd. Moldaviya soli 1975 1641 muassisai tomaktabi dosht, ki dar onho 168,1 hazor nafar, dar 1018 muassisai mavsimii tomaktabii dehaho 87,3 hazor nafar bachagon tarbiya megiriftand. Soli tahsili 19781/79 dar 1,9 hazor maktabi malumoti umumi 0,7 mln talaba tahsil mekard; dar respublika guzarish ba talimi umumii miyonai purra ba anjom rasid. Dar 8 maktabi oli soli tahsili 1978/79 49,2 hazor donishjuy va dar 49 maktabi miyonai makhsus 59, 7 hazor talaba tahsil mekard. Shumorai korkunoni ilmii Moldaviya soli 1978 ziyoda az 8 hazor nafar bud (0,3 hazor doktor va 3,3 hazor nomzadi ilm). AF RSS Moldaviya markazi rohbarikunandai ilm ast, ki soli 1961 tashkil yof­taast. Dar okhiri soli 1978 dar Moldaviya 2 hazor kitobkhonai ommavi (fondi umumiash 22,5 mln kitobu jurnal) mavjud bud, ki kalontarinashon inhoand: Kitobkhonai davlatii RSS Moldaviya ba nomi N. K. Krupskaya, kitobkhonai AF RSS Moldaviya va Universiteti Kishinyov; 41 muzey, az jumla Muzei davlatii tarikhi-kishvarshinosii RSS Mold., Muzei tarikhi Partiyai Kommunis­tii M., Muzei davlatii badeii RSS Moldaviya, Muzei respublikavii yodgorii G. I. Kotovskii va S. Lazo, Khona-muzei A. S. Pushkin va g.; soli 1978 dar M. 1,9 hazor klub bud.

Matbuot, radioshunavoni va televizion. Dar Moldaviya (soli 1978) 163 nomguy gazeta nashr meshud, ki shumorai yakruzai onho 1954 hazor nuskha, az jumla ba zaboni moldavi 70 gazeta mebaromad, ki shumorai yakruzaashon 1197 hazor nuskharo tashkil medihad. Gazhoi respublikai moldavi inhoand: «Moldova sotsialisti» («Moldaviyai sosialisti», az soli 1924), «Vya­sa satuluy» («Hayoti dehot», az 1945), «Tinerimya Moldovoy» («Javononi Moldaviya», az 1928), «Tinerul le­ninist» («Leninchii javon», az 1941); chunin nashriyaho ba zaboni rusi mebaroyand: «Sovetskaya Molda­viya» («Moldaviyai soveti», az 1925), «Molodej Moldavii» («Javononi Moldaviya», az 1940), «Yuniy levines» («Leninchii javon», az 1941) va g. Jurnalhoi ommavi-siyosi, badei, ilmi, tekhniki, hajvi va g. niz chop meshavand. Dar Kishinyov Agentii informasionii RSS Moldaviya mavjud ast. Nakhustin radioshunavoni soli 1930 dar Tiraspol cap shuda bud. Barnomahoi televizion az soli 1958 injonib namoish doda mesha­vand.

Adabiyot. Adabiyoti khatti dar zami­nai ejodiyoti boi dahanakii khalq: vazmi mavsimiyu marosimi («Plugushorul»), afsona, dostonhoi qahramoni («Ajdaho», «Bahodur Gruya Grozovan» «Kodryanu»); rivoyat, surudhoi liriki-doynaho va g. tashakkul yoftaast. Dostoni «Miorisa» asari barjastai nazmi lirikiyu epikii khalqi moldav meboshad. Avvalin osori khatti dar Moldaviya asri 10 dar tahriri Moldavii zaboni kalisoi-slavyani, ki on to asri 17 zaboni rasmi ba hisob meraft, paydo shudaand. Adabiyoti diniyu tarikhi («Hayoti avliyo Ioanni Nav», vazhoi Gr. Samblak, solnomahoi bemuallif) ba in zabon ofarida shudaast. Avvalin kitobi chopii moldavi «Kazaniya» (sharhi Injil) soli 1643 chop shud, ki muallifash mitropolit Varlaam bud. Dar asri 17 solnomanavishoi barjastai moldav Grigoriy Ureke, Miron Kos­tin, Ion Nekulche asarhoi khudro talif namudand. Dar inkishofi madaniyati vatanii asrhoi 17—18 Ni­kolay Milesku (Spafarii), ki solhoi 1675—78 sardori saforatkhonai Rossiyai podshohi dar Litoy buda, kitobhoi «Safarnoma», «Tasviroti Khi­toy» va g. az talifoti ust, sahmi kalon guzoshtaast. Olimi komusnigor, navisandai insonparvar va arbobi namoyoni davlatii Moldaviya va Ros­siya Dmitriy Kantemir (padari shoiri rus A. D. Kantemir) khodimi barjastai madaniyatu adabiyoti asri 18 Moldaviya bud. Zulmu istibdodi 300-solai turkho (asrhoi 15—18) ba inkishofi madaniyatu adabiyoti khosi moldav khalal rasond. Soli 1812 ba Rossiya hamroh shudani Bessarabiya ba taraqqiyoti iqtisodiyu madanii kishvar musoidat kard. Pahn shudani goyahoi revolyusionii dekabristho, ba Kishinyov omadani A. S. Pushkin (solhoi 1821— 24) ba inkishofi adabiyoti moldav niz tasiri samarabakhsh guzosht. Sahmi A. Khijdeu, K. Stamati, G. Asaki, A. Doiich va digar dar taraqqyoti adabiyoti nimai avvali asri 19 moldav khelo kalon ast. Sherhoi ijtimoiyu mazhakahoi hajvii V. Aleksandr»!, nazmi realistonai K. Negrussi, risolahoi publisistiyu badei-tanqidii A. Russo, M. Kogelnichanu, asarhoi tarikhi va filologii B. P. Khashdeu va digar ganjinai adabiyoti klassikii asri 19 moldavro tashkil dodand. Ejodiyoti namoyandai buzurgi romantizmi badinai Evropa M. Eminesku muvaffaqiyati barjastai adabiyoti asri 19 moldav va rumin ba hisob meravad. Dar okhiri asri 19 va avvali asri 20 navisandagon V. Kresesku, 3. Ralli- Arbore va digar asarhoi khudro ofaridand. Shoiron A. Mateevich, T. Roman dar borai taqdiri khalq, asarho navishtaand. Hayot va ejodiyoti dahana­kii khalqi moldav ba

Gorkiy, V. Korolenko, M. Kosyubinskiy va digar navisandagone, ki dar Moldaviya budand ilhomi ejodi bakhshidand. Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr baroi inkishofi mada­niyati millii hamai khalqhoi vatani mo, az jumla khalqi moldav, sharoiti musoidi iqtisodi va ijtimoiro muhaiyo kard.

Dar solhoi pesh az jang bisyor sheru dostonhoi E. Bukov va N. Lupan chop shudand. Dar solhoi jang adiboni Moldaviya yarok, ba dast girifta, ziddi fashiston jangidand, khalqro ba muborizai ziddi dushman tashviqu targib kardand. Ocherku maqolavu ashori Bukov, Istru, Lupan, Menyuk dar in solho aa mavzui hifzi Vatan molomol bud. Pas az jang dostonhoi kaloni Bukov —«Andriesh» (1946) va «Kishvari man» (1947); N. Lupan — «Dehai gumnom» (1940) va «Rubaru» (1945) va bisyor digar asarhoi Istru, Menyuk, Delyanu va Kruchenyuk chop shu­dand. Dar solhoi 60—70 niz dar ada­biyoti Moldaviya khele peshraftu komyobiho ba dast omad—romani Chobanu «Kuprukho», romani Druse «Dostonhoi dasht», majmuai ashori Bukov «Imruzu fardo», ashori Lupan «Qonuni mehmonnavozi» va g. chop shudand. Soli 1979 ba munosibati 70-solagiash ba Em. Bu­kov nomi Qahramoni Mehnati Sosi­alisti doda shud. Soli 1974 romani V. Maleva «Sinni nuqra», romanhoi V. Beshlyage «Ignat va Anna», «Dard», D. Mashkovskiy «Tiramohi kabutaro­ni safed», majmuai ashori E. Bukov «Vusatya» B. Istru «Dostonho», V. Fi­lip «Diapazon», A. Roshka «Hamrohi tuyam, kishvari tuson» va g. chop shu­dand. Az adabiyoti Moldaviya ba zaboni tojiki soli 1960 sheri E. Bukov «Partorg» (j. Sadoi Sharq, № 4, mutarjim M. Sheraliev) va soli 1962 «Afsonahoi khalqi moldav» baromadaast, ki tarjumoni on X. Rakhmatulloev meboshad.

Memori va sanati tasviri. Dar hududi Moldaviya yodgorihoi madanii Trinole (hazorai 3 — ibtidoi hazorai 2 to m.) va Chernyakhov (asrhoi 2—4 m.)— inchunin qabilahoi slavyan (asri 6 m.) yoft shudaand. Az nimai asri 14 sokhtmoni shahrhoi qalayu rabotdor rasm meshavad. Joi istehkomhoi pokhsaginu takhtaginro istehkomhoi sangin megirand. Dar asri 16 dar shahrhoi Sorokiyu Benderi va Kaushani dayru istehkomhoi manorahoyash balandu mustahkam sokhta meshavand. Boqimondai qalahoi asrhoi 14—15, hammom va digar imorathoi grajdan» dar Stariy Orkhey yoft shudaand. Holo dar Sakharnayu Jabka dayrhoi gorni asrhoi 16—17 boqi mondaand. Dar davrai hukmronii turkho (asrhoi 15—18) bisyor yodgorihoi memorii Moldaviya kharob shu­dand. Badi ba Rossiya hamroh shuda­ni Bessarabiya (1812) shahrho taraqqi kardand va binoho bo sabki klas­sisizm sokhta shuda (kalisoi jome dar Kishinyov, solhoi 1830—35, memor A. I. Melnikov), rabothoi yakqabatai bordor kashidand. Imorathoi okhiri asri 19 — avvali asri 20 boqi mondaand. Badi Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr shahrhoi RASS Moldaviya obod gardidand (ansambli memori dar Tiraspol, binohoi teatri drama va instituti pe­dagogi).

YOdgorihoi sanati tasvirie, ki dar hududi Moldaviya yoftaand, ba paleoliti soni va neolit mansuband. Asbobhoi safolini Tripole purnaqshunigor budand. Oroishi fuluzi, mujassamahoi gilin va birinji ba hazorai 2 to m. mansuband. Halqaho, dasponahoi tilloyu nuqra ba ibtidoi hazorai 1 m. taalluq dorand. Ba sanati naqshunigori amalii asrhoi 13—14 tasiri Vizantiya va Sharqi musulmon mushohida meshavad. Dastnavishoi asrhoi 15—16 naqshu nigori ziyod dorand. Dar minyoturhoi asri 17 betakallufii sabki on ba nazar merasad. Dar kalisoi Uspenie (sh. Kaushani) naqshunigori asri 18 bond mondaast. Qolinhoi asrhoi 18—19 rangorangand. Dar asri 19 janri portretkashi rivoj yoft. Soli 1887 maktabi rasmkashi (az soli 1940 Omuzishgohi respublikavii rassomi) tashkil shud. Dar davrai Jangi Buzurgi Vatani dar mavzui vatandusti asarho ejod karda shudand. Mavzui asosii sanati davrai badijangii Moldaviyaro digargunsozihoi sosialisti, tari­khi guzashtai on va jahoni manavii inson tashkil medodand. Dar haykaltaroshi asarhoi I. Dubnnovskiy obrazhoi shoironai dar vasfi zan ejodkardai K. S. Kobizeva, dar rassomi asarhoi V. G. Russu-Chobanu, M. G. Greku, I. D. Vieru, G. V. Sainchuk, rasmhoi tarikhii L. P. Gritorashenko, manzarahoi manshii I. D. Jumatiy, peyzajhoi A. A. Vasil­ev, E. L. Romanesku, M. P. Petrik; dar grafika asarhoi I. T. Bogdesko, B. Yu. Nesvedov, G. N. Vrabie, rasmhoi hajvii B. N. Shirokorad diqqatjalbkunandaand. Moldaviya IM (1945) va IR (1945) dorad.

Musiqi. Asosi musiqii khalqii Moldaviyaro ohangi khiftmaqomi diatoniki tashkil medihad. Surudi khalqi aksarai yakovoza ast. Doyna janri boshtar ba musiqii vokali va asbobhoi khalqii moldavi khos meboshad. Maqomhoi raqsii khora, sirba, moldaveneska, batuta va digar khelo zebo va shukhand. Dar solhoi Hokimiyati Soveti madaniyati musiqii millo khele pesh raft. Kapellai khorii «Doyna» (1930), Teatri dramai musiqi (1933), orkestri simfoni (1935) tashkil shudand. Dar Moldaviya Teatri opera va balet, filarmoniya (orkestri asbobhoi khalqii «Fluerash», ansambli khalqii raqsi «Jok», ansamblhoi «Mugurel», «Leutari», «Zimbet» va g.), IV, Instituti sanat, 3 omuzishgohi musiqi, maktab-internati makhsusi musiqi, 50 maktabi musiqii bachagona kor mekunand.

Teatr. Unsurhoi sanati teatri dar rasmu rusum va bozihoi qadimai khalqi vujud doshtand. Dar davrai feodalizm guruhi sozandagoni darboriyu ovoragard bo namoishhoi teatri baromad mekardand. Dar asosi ananahoi qadima teatri khalqi inkishof yoft. Soli 1816 bo rohbarii maorifparvar G. Asaki yakumin namoishi teatri muosir ba zaboni moldavi barguzor gardid. Dramaturgon V. Aleksandr, K Negrussi, A. Russo, M. Kogelnnchanu va digaron dar poydor gardidani teatri kasbii moldav roli muhim bozidaand. Badi ba Rossiya hamroh shudani Bessarabiya dar Kishinyov dastahoi gunogun ba zabonhoi rusi, ukraini, fransavi va g. baromad mekardand. Badi barqaror gardidani Hokimiyati Soveti sanati teatrii Moldaviho ravnaq yoft. Dar RASS Mold. mahfilhoi drama khele ziyod shudand. Dar asosi onho soli 1927 dar sh. Balta dastai musiqii drama tashkil yoft, ki badtar ba studiyai drama tabdil doda shud (holo Teatri akademii dramai musiqii ba nomi A. S. Pushkin dar Kishinyov). Dar Moldaviya Teatri dramai rusii Kishinyov ba nomi A. P. Chekhov, Teatri respublikavii «Luchaferul», Teatri lukhtaki «Likurich», Teatri dramai ba nomi

V. Aleksandri dar Belsi, Teatri dramai rusii Tiraspol niz kor mekunand. Instituti sanatn ba nomi G. Mueicheskui Kishinyov va maktabhoi olii Moskva baroi teatrhoi Moldaviya kadrho tayyor menamoyand.

Kino. Soli 1940 dar Kishinyov punkti doimii mukhbiri kino tashkil shud, ki apreli 1952 ba studiyai filmhoi khroniki tabdil yoft (az yanvari 1957 kinostudiyai «Moldovafilm»). Dar inkishofi sanati kinoi moldav firistodagoni respublikahoi barodari S. Uliskaya, L. Proskurov, M. Izrailev, V. Derbenev, V. Lisenkova va digaron sahmi arzanda guzoshtand. Tahiyagaronu rejissyorho E. Lotyanu,

V. Gajiu, V. Iovise, rejissyor, V. Paskaru, operatordo V. Churya, P. Balan. V. Kalashnikov, V. Yakovlev ustodoni namoyoni kinoi moldav meboshand. Az bayni filmhoi istehsoli, kinostudiyai «Moldova-film» «Ataman Kodr» (1958), «Mohi okhirini tiramoh» (1965, du mukofoti baynalkhalqi giriftaast), «Ba qotili aybdor meshavand» (1969), «Lautarho» (1971, chor mukofoti baynalkhalqi giriftaast), «Dmitriy Kantemir» (1973), «Ruan daroz» (1974) va g. az jumlai behtarin filmho meboshand. Studiyai kinoi «Moldova-film» dar sol 6 filmi badeii purrametraj va beshtar az 50 filmi hujjati va ilmi-ommavi istehsol mekunad.

Kharita dar sah. 480—481.

Ad.: Istoriya Moldavskoy SSR, t. 1—2, Kishinyov, 1965—68; Istoriya Moldavii. Desumenti i materiali, t. 2—5, Kishinyov, 1957—69; Ocherki istorii Kommunisticheskoy partii Moldavii. Kishinev, 1968; Narodnoe khozyaystvo Moldavskoy SSR, 1924—74 (Yubileyniy stat. sbornni), Kishinyov 1975; Istoriya narodnogo khozyaystva moldavskoy SSR, Kishinyov, 1974; Etnografiya i iskusstvo Moldavii, Kishinyov, 1972; Iskusstvo, Moldavii, Kishinyov, 1974; Ocherk istorii moldavskoy sovetskoy literaturi, M., 1963.