MODELSOZI

MODELSOZI, tadqiqi obekthoi marifat az rui modeli onho sokhtan va omukhtani modelhoi ashyo va hodisoti voqei (sistemahoi zinda va gayrizinda, sokhtmoni nnjeneri, prosesshoi mukhtalifi fiziki, khimiyavi, biologi, ijtimoi) va obekthoi sokhtashavanda (baroi muayyan va aniq kardani kharakteristikahoi onho, daryoftani usulhoi samarabakhshi sokhtu sozi onho va g.). Ba mode­li khud monand va muvofiq budani obekti tadqiqshavanda asosi modelsozist. Mas., natijahoi tadqiqote, ki dar modeli yagon moshin guzaronda shudaand, ba natijahoi tadqiqoti dar nuskhai aslii moshin guzarondashuda monand ast. Dar ilmi muosir az metodi Modelsozi vase istifoda mebarand, on tadqiqothoi ilmiro oson mekunad; dar baze holatho Modelsozi vositai yagonai omuzishi obekt­ho meboshad. Dar ilm aksar bo chunin hodisahoe saru kor dorand, ki az sababi bagoyat buzurg yo nihoyat khurd budani andozahoi onho va yo az had dur budani masofaashon qobi­li tadqiqi bevosita nestand. Dar chunin holatho obekthoro tavassuti modeli onho tadqiq mekunand. Modelho, makhsusan dar asnoi tadqi­qi obekthoi mafhum (mas., metodhoi idorakunie, ki bo onho kiber­netika mashgul meshavad) ahamiyati kalon paydo mekunand. Dar modelho maqsadi omukhtani khosiyathoi

obekt prosesshoi dar on baamalomada istifoda meshavand. Chunonchi, modeli atomi N. Bor baroi muayyan namudani khosiyathoi gunogun (mas., ustuvor)-i atom imkon dod. Az metodhoi Modelsozi dar sohahoi gunoguni ilm (fizika, astronomiya, biologiya, iqtisodiyot va g.) na faqat baroi muayyan namudani khosiyat va vobastagihoi malumi obekt, balki kho­siyat va vobastagihoi navi obekt niz istifoda mebarand. Modelsozi vobasta ba kharakteri tadqiqot fiziki, matematiki, elektri, kibernetiki, ij­timoi, biologi, lingvistiki va g. meshavad.

Mafhumi Modeloszi, dar falsafa baraksi mafhumi model, kategoriyai gnossologi buda, yake az omilhoi asosii marifatro ifoda mekunad. Modelsozi hamchun usuli marifat bo inkishofi donish zich aloqamand ast. Modelsozi asosan dar zamoni atiqa hamchun shakli inikosi voqeiyat barobari paydoishi marifati ilmi ba vujud omada, dar davrai Ehyo ravshan zuhur yoftaast. Mavzui Modelsozi obekthoi kham konkreti va ham abstrakti buda metavonand. Modelsoziro vobasta ba kharakte­ri modelho ba ashyoi, fiziki, matematiki, moshinhoi zlektroni, alomati va g. taqsim menamoyand.

Modelsozii ashyoi tahqiqi obektro dar asosi modelhoe ifoda mekunad, ki bo yorii on khosiyathoi asosii geometri, tabii, dinamiki va funksionalii «puskhanasl» hosil mesha­vand. Modelsozii ashyoi dar holati muqarrari bo maketi obekt saru kor do­rad va bar in surat khosiyati fazoii obekt, shakli zohiri, tanosub va aloqai mutaqobili onro ifoda me­kunad.

Modelsozii «moddi» (ashyoi) va «goyavi» az yakdigar farq dorand. In farq sharti boshad ham, Modelsozii yakumro ham­chun «tajribavi», Modelsozii duyumro ham­chun «nazariyavi» tabir kardan mumkin ast. Ba Modelsozii «moddi» Modelsozii ashyoi, tabii va matematiki, ba Modelsozii «goyavi» Modelsozii sistemai alomatho («tasavvurothoi modeli») dokhil me­shavand.

Modelsozi hamesha bo yorii metodhoi digari umumiilmi tatbiq meshavad. Modelsozi, pesh az hama, bo tajriba zich vo­basta ast. In khususiyati Modelsozi zarura­ti dar on istifyuda namudani usuli abstraksiyakunoni va idealikunoniro istisno namekunad. Chunki be istifodai in khosiyatho az model ba asl kuchondani donish muhol ast. Baroi tatbiqi bomuvaffaqiyati Modelsozi se darajai abstraksiyakunoniro ju­do kardan zarur ast: darajai imkonpaziri tatbikshavi, darajai «voqei»-i tatbiqshavi va darajai az jihati amali maqsadnok. Modelho hej goh dar borai obekti tadqiqshavanda malumoti purra doda nametavonand.

Baroi in muqoisai modelhoi gunoguni obekthoi monand zarur ast. Az in ru, dar sohahoi gunoguni ilm «Modelsozii nazariyavi» vase istifoda meshavad. Vazifai asosii marifatii Modelsozi dar on ast, ki vay hamchun sabab, manban nazariyahoi nav khizmat mekunad. Bisyor vaqt nazariya avvalin bor dar shakli model paydo shuda, dar borai hodisaho malumoti takhmini medihad. Dar rafti Modelsozii minbada goya va shaklhoi navi tajriba ba vujud omada, ma­lumothoi to hol nomalum kashf meshavand. Modelsozi na faqat yake az omilhoi inikosi hodisaho va prosesshoi voqeiyat, balki meyori obektiviyu amalii sanjishi haqqoniyati donishhoi insoni niz meboshad. Dar zamoni hozira vobasta ba inkishofi kibernetika roli Modelsozi afzudaast.

Ad.: Asoshoi falsafai marksisti-lenini, D., 1976; Novik I. B„ O mode­lirovanii slojnikh sistem. M., 1965; Modelirovanie kak metod nauchnogo is­sledovaniya, M., 1965; Chavchanidze V. V., Gelman O. Ya., Modelirovanie v nauke i tekhnike. M., 1966; Usmon A. I., Logicheskie osnovi metoda mode­lirovaniya, M., 1971.

Dar tadqiqothoe, ki bo usuli Modelsozii fiziki guzaronda meshavand, modelhoero istifoda mebarand, ki sokhti geometri va khosiyathoi fizikiashon ba khudi prosesshoi fiziki monand buda, miqdoran farq mekunand. Modelsozii fizikiro baroi sanjidani inshoothoi gidrotekhniki, samolyotho, kishtiho va g. istifoda mebarand. Dar Modelsozii matematiki ifodahoi matematikii prosesshoi fiziki modelonida meshavand. Modelsozii elektri ham mamul ast. Dar on muqovimathoi induktivi, gunjoishi va faolro istifoda mebarand. Baroi omukh­tani prosesshoi idorakunii dar organizmhoi zinda joy doshta modelhoi kibernetiki tain shudaand. Boz yak namudi Modelsozi vujud dorad, ki onro Modelsozii qiyosi menomand. On ba monandii hodisahoe, ki tabiati fizikiashon harkhela buda, bo muodilahoi matematiki (algebravi, differensiali va g.)-i yakkhela ifoda meyoband, asos yoftaast. Mas., du sistemaro mushohida mekunem. Yake az onho sistemai mekhaniki buda, mehvari on ba vositai pru­jina va sarcharkhe, ki yak qismash dar dokhili moei chaspak voqe gardiddast, ba navard harakati davrzananda medihad. Duyum sistemai elektri buda, az manbai KEKh iborat ast, ki tavassuti galtaki indukti­vi, kondensator va muqovimati faol ba hisobkunaki energiyai elekt­ri payvast shudaast. Agar qimathoi induktiviyat, gunjonsh va muqovimati sistemai alektriro ba qimathoi chandirii prujina, inertnokii sarcharkh va chaspakii moei sistemai mekhaniki muvofiq kunonem, in sistemaho az jihati sokht va vazifa ba ham monand meshavand. Onho bo yak muodilai differensiali ifoda meyoband. In muodila metavonad baroi har du sistema vazifai «modeli nazariyavi»-ro ijro namoyad. Chunin monandi asosi Modelsozii elektrii sistemai mekhanikiro tashkil medihad.

Tajhizoti Modelsozii murakkab hisobmoshinhoi qiyosi meboshand.

Dar in nav moshinho Modelsozi dar asosi ba buzurgihoi befosila tagyiryobandai elektri monand budani yagon buzurgii fiziki guzaronda meshavad. Dar vaqti tartib dodani muodilai prosessi fizika ba hisob giriftani jamei omilho boisi murakkab shudani masala megardad. Az in ru, dar vaqti tartib dodani programma tanho omilhoi asosiro ba nazar megirand. Dar Ittifoqi Soveti Hisobmoshinhoi qiyosii EMU-8, MPT-9, MNB-1, MN-7, MN-10, MN-14, MN-17, MN-18 istehsol shudaand. Bo yorii in guna moshinho muodilahoi differensialii khatti va gayrikhattiro hal kardan mumkin ast.

Modelsozi dar iqtisodiyot az asri 18 cap karda dar «Jadvalhoi iqtisodi»-i F. Kenz istifoda shudaast. Onro K. Marks goyae nomidaast, ki on az hamai goyahoi iqtisodi siyosii hamon davru zamon «beshubkha goyai az domagen kalonatarin ba shumor meravad» (Marks K. va Engels F., As. nashri 2, j 26, q. 1, soli 345). Aslan in nakhustin kushishe dar bobati ba yak shakli muayyan darovardani tamomi prosessi takroristehsoli jamiyat bud. Skhemai takroristehsol, ki K. Marks ba vujud ovarda V. I. Lenin inkishof dod, ba ilmi iqtisodiyot tasiri kalon rasonid. Natijai bevositai in munosibat nazariyai balansi baynisohavist. Makhsusan az nimai duyumi asri 20, vaqte ki yak qator sohahoi navi matematika va hisobmoshinhoi elektronii ba halli masalahoi murakkab qodir ba vujud omadand, istifodai metodi Modelsozi dar iqtisodiyot vase pahn shud. Dar ilmi hozirazamoni burjuazi metodi Modelsoziro dar iqtisodiyot qarib hamai iqtisodchiyoni burjuazi istifoda mebarand.

Dar SSSR inkishofi metodi Modelsozi dar iqtisodiyot bo nomi olimon L. V. Kantorovich, A. L. Lure, V. S. Nemchinov, V. V. Novojilov, A. G. Aganbegyan va g. aloqamand ast.

Prosessi tadqiqoti iqtisodiro bo yorii Modelsozi shartan ba yakchand marhala judo mekunand. Dar marhalai yakum vazifai umumi va obekti tadqiqot muayyan karda meshavad (mas., iqtisodiyoti umumijahoni, iqtisodiyoti khojagihoi jahoni kapitalisti va sosialisti, mamlakati alohida, sohaho, korkhona, firma, talabotu istemolot, taqsimoti daromadho, narkhguzori va g.). Marhalai duyum ba vujud ovardani Modelsozii sistemai iqtisodi meboshad. Marhalai seyum tahlili matematikii Modelsoziest, ki hamchun vositai ba dast ovardani na tanho khulosahoi miqdori, balki sifati niz khizmat mekunad. Marhalai chorum taftishi natijahoi badastomada ast. Marhalai panjum jori namudani natijahoi tadqiqot meboshad. Dar jamiyati kapitalisti Modelsozi asosan faqat dar hududi firma yo korkhona samara medihad. Istifodabarii amalii on dar miqyosi tamomi mamlakat az sababi ba kapitalizm khos budani ziddiyathoi antagonisti mahdud ast. Dar sharoiti sosializm boshad, baroi halli problemahoi plankashi va idorakunii tamomi khojagii khalq ba imkoniyathoi prinsipan navi istifodabarii samaranoki Modelsozi roh kushoda meshavad.