MODELHOI KOINOT

MODELHOI KOINOT, yak silsila naqshahoi kosmologiero guyand, ki tarhi geometrii Koinoti tom va tahavvuli imkonpaziri onro tasviru tafsir mekunand. Nakhustin dar tarikhi kosmologiyai ilmi modeli Koinot sistemai geosentrii odam bud, ki aztarafi astronomi marufi yunonzamin Batlimus (Ptolemey) dar asri       2 m. sokhta shudaast. In modeli kosmologi bo vujudi on hama tagyiroti juzie, ki dar tuli asrhoi oyanda az tarafi olimoni Sharqu Garb ba shaklu mazmuni vay darovarda shudand, to khudi asri 16 nufuzi ilmii khudro nigoh dosht. Duyumii dar tarikhi kosmologiyai ilmi modeli Koinot sistemai geliosentrii olam, bud, ki az tarafi astronomi marufi lahistony N. Kopernik soli 1543 intishor shud. Modeli seyumro hamzamoni mo Eynshteyn soli 1917 tahiya kardaast. On modeli relyativistnest, ki Koinoti tomro ba sifati yak olami fazoyash bointiho, vale nomahdude tasvir mekunad. Bar khilofi umedi avvalai khudi Eynshteyn    modeli vay dar tarikhi modelonii kosmologi anjom ne, balki ogoz bud —ogozi marhilai tozae bud dar jarayoni marifati kosmologi. Tadqiqote, ki khudi khamon sol (1917) az tarafi V. de Sitter ba ijro rasid. (vay ba istiloh modelhoi kholiro barsokht, ki bo vujudn in khosiyatho ast. Nazariyahoi mavjudai joziba

achovbi fiziki dorand), ishora namud, ki asli hol nazar ba on ki Eynshteyn gumon mekard, murakkabtar ast. Sonitar ba tufayli tadqiqoti A. A. Fridman, J. Lemetr, A. Eddington, R. Tolmen va digaron jihathoi zerini masala oshkor gardid: a) dar zimni muodilahoi Eynshteyn ham modeli statiki (Koinote, ki bo mururi zamon tagyir nameyobad) va ham modeli dinamiki (Koinoti tagyiryobanda) sokhtan mumkin ast; b) modelhoi Eynshteyn va De Sitter hamagi du halli judogonai muodilahoi mazkur buda dar bayni onho miqdori behaddu hisobi halhoi imkonpazir hast; agar az takhminoti asosii Eynshteyn, ki hangomi barsokhtani modeli khud ba sifati nuqtai istinod qabul karda bud (sukhan dar borai farziyae meravad, ki dar holati oromishi kulli budani Koinoti tomro takhmin menamoyad), dast kashida shavad, shumorai be haddu hisobi modelhoi kosmologiro sokhtan mumkin ast:  ham modeli fazoyash bointiho va ham modeli fazoyash beintiho, ham beist vaseshavanda va ham davri vaseshavandavu fishurdashavanda va g.; v) modeli statikii Eynshteyn khudash ba khudash fizikai noustuvor ast; takoni nazarnogire kofist, ki on az muvozinat baroyad. Dar zimni in shart nest, ki modeli mazkur «kuravi» boshad, zero az nuqtai nazari topologiya vay niz metavonad ellipey shavad.

Az nimai duyumi solhoi 30 cap karda, payvasta ba dushvorihoi xoci matematiki, fiziki va falsafie, ki ba onho kosmologiyai relyativisti duchor gardid, yak qator olimoni kayhonshinos (P. A. M. Dirak, E. Mili, P. Iordan, H Bondi, T. Gold, F. Hoyl va digaron) pai barsokhtani modelohoi navi Koinot shudaid. Azbaski modelhoi kosmologi andaruni apparati matematiki va mafhmoti fizikii inu on nazariyai joziba sokhta meshavad, in sayu kushish payvasta ba tahiyai nazariyahoi navi gravitasioni surat girift.

Odatan dar zimni har yake az nazariyahoi bo ham raqobatkunanda chandin modelhoi Koinotro sokhtan mumkin ast; modelhoi mazkur boshand, mantiqan ba ham musovi buda, yake az digare bartarie nadorad

va, az in ru, dar asosi yak khudi dalelhoi nazari haj kadomi onro hamchun modeli «haqqoni» paziruftan mumkin nest.

Az in jihat tasnif dodani nazariyahoi joziba va modelhoi mavjudai kosmologi pesh omad. Inro az rui meyoru alomathoi gunogun ba amal barovardan mumkin ast. Mas.,modelhoi kosmologiro az rui navi nazariyahoi jozibae, ki dar asosi onho modelhoi mazkur sokhta shudaand, ba khelho judo kardan mumkin ast. Nazariyahoi mavjudai joziba  boshand, ba yakchand sinf taqsim meshavand (relyativisti, gayrirelyativisty, nyutoni, postnyutoni va g.), ki har yake dar navbati khud ba yakchand zersinfho judo meshavand (mas., agar navi apparata matematikiro ba nazar girem, on goh sinfi relyativistii nazariyahoi jozibaro ba zersinfhoi nazariyahoi skalyari, vektori, tenzori, skalyariyu tezori, tetradi, bimetri va g. taqsim kardan mumkin meshavad). Tasnifoti modelhoi kosmologiro inchunin az rui tarzi tahiyai onho guzarondan mumkin. Az rui in alomat modelhoi mavjudaro ba se nav judo mekunand: yakjinsa va izotropi, yakjinsa va anizotropi, gayriyakjinsa va anizotropi.

Modelhoi kosmologiro az rui khosiyathoi fizikiyu geometriashon niz ba sinfho judo kardan mumkin ast. Az in jihat modelkhoi statikstasionari va evolyusioni, modelhoi fazoyashon bointiho va fazshon beintiho, modelhoi khati inkishofashon mahdud va nomahdudro az ham farq mekunand. Nihoyat, nazariyaho va modelhoi lemologii hoziraro dar zimni ba u omekhtani meyoru alomathoi nomburda niz tasnif dodan mumkin dar bayni modelhoi mavjudai Koinot hozir modelhoi relyativisti (nig. rasm) az hama boetimodtar va ba asli hol nazdiktar donista me­shavand. Dar bayni modelhoi mazkur boshad, dar joi avval modelhoi zerin meistand:

[1]. Modeli Fridman: Koinot avval to haddi kekhin fushurda shuda, bad yakzayl vase megardad va dar nihoyati kor materiyai kayhoni ba goyati daraja tunuk shuda meravad.

2. Modeli Lemetr: Koinot avval az holati singulari (ba qavli Lemetr «atomi ibtidoi») cap karda bo shast vase meshavad, bad suratash sust shudan megirad, okhiron az harakat monda andake (in jo andake ba dahho mlrd sol barobar ast) tavaqquf mekunad, vale sonitar boz nav ba junbish omada digar beist vase meshavad.
3. Modeli Eddintton-Lemetr: Ko­inot az holate, ki modeli Eynshteyn tanqid mekunad, to holate, ki dar modeli De Sitter tasvir megardad, beist vase meshavad.
4. Modeli Eynshteyn-De Sitter: holati singulari cap karda betavaqquf vase meshavad.
5. Modeli Fridman—Eynshteyn: Holati singulari cap karda to ba haddi muayyan vase meshavad va sipas fushurda shuda ba holati singulari barmegardad. Dar mavridi okhirin Koinot dar bayni du holiti «nuqtagi» (singulari) melappad, yane vay ba navbat vase va fushurda meshavad. Agar in modeli kosmologi dar haqiqat ham dar tabiat amri voqe megardid, on goh yake az goyahoi asosii naturfalsafai qadim ba istiloh davri kayhoni dubora zinda meshud. In aqidai kuhan, ki davri paydo shudan va nobud gardidani olamhoi mukhtalifro talqin mekunad, dar tamaddunhoi gunoguni bostoni zeri niqobi nomhoi gunogun padid omadaast: dar Hinduston onro «dharma» menomidand, dar Khitoy «dao» mekhondand, dar Yunon «lo­gos» meguftand, dar kishvarhoi Ara­bu Ajam boshad, vay bo nomi «davri tasalsul» mashhur shudaast.

Mutaassifona, baroi muqarrar kardani on, ki kadome az in model­ho haqiqati ayniand, yane asli holro ba goyati aniqi tasviru tabir mekunad, malumoti dastrasi astronomi hanuz kofi pest. Hol on ki baroi halli boyadu shoyadi masala faqat yak parametri kosmologi — zichii miyonai moddai kayhoniro aniq muayyan kardan kofist. Nig. niz Koinot, Kosmologiyai relyativisgi, Muodilahoi Eynshteyn.

Ad.: Tursunov A., Bandi falai, D., 1076; 3elmanov A. L., Kosmologiya — Razvitie astronomii v SSSR (1917—1967), M., 1967; Kosmologiya; teo­rii i nablyudeniya, M., 1978; North J. D. The Structure of the Untversa, L., 1965.

 A.Tupcunov.