MEVA

MEVA, bar, bor, samar, samara (truclus), uzvi rastanihoi pushidatukhm, ki az gura va dig. uzihoi gul ba vujud omada, ba maqsadi tashakkul, muhofizat va pahnshavii tukhm khizmat mekunad. Meva pas az bordorshavii gul (gayr az Mevahoi Partonokarpi, nig. Partenokarpiya) khosil meshavad. Shakl, andoza, rangi Mevaho khele gunogun ast.

Mevaho odatan du khel: haqiqi va gayrihaqiqi meshavand. Mevahoi haqiqi az gurakhoi payvast va gayrihaqiqi az gurakhoi payvastu uzvhoi digari gul tashakkul meyoband. Qismi berunii Meva az mevaparda iborat ast, ki az devoran gurak inkishof meyobad. Dar daruni Meva (yano dar javf, kovokii on) va pla­sent tukhm hosil meshavad. Mevaparda (perikarpiy) az boftahoi sermagzi payvast yo az boftahoi khushk tarkib yofta, odatan az se qabat iborat ast: beruni (ekzokarpiy), mobayni (mezokarpiy) va daruni (endokarpiy). Ammo chunin tasnifot shartist, zero bazan mevaparda 2 m qabat kham doshta metavonad. Dar tashakkuli mevaparda gul band (guljoya), gulpush (kosabarg, tojbarg), bekhi gardbarg va dumchabargi gul niz ishtirok mekunand. Mevahoi haqiqi sodda (az yak sutuncha inkishof yoftaast) va murakkab (az gineseyhoi apokarpii sershumor) meshavand. Mevahoi sodda mevapardai khushk yo tar dorand. Mevahoi khushkro ba sertukhm yo kushodashavanda (bargakmeva, gilofak, guzakhaltameva va g.) va kushodapashangida (duparra, chormagz, don, donak va g.) judo mekunand.

Mevahoi tar sertukhm (gujummevaho, seb, apor va g.) va yaktukhma (do­nak) meshavand. Mevahoi murakkabro az rui nomu sokhti Mevahoi sodda (mas., bargakmevai murakkab, don yo donaki murakkab va g.) muayyan mekunand.

Tasnifoti nisbatan hozirazamoni morfogenetikii Meva majmui alomathoi sokhti ginesey (majmui mevabargho), khususiyat va darajai ishtiroki uzvhoi digar (gayrigenesey)- ro dar tashakkuli Meva, inchunin adad, joygiri va rohhoi payvastshavii mevabargho, miqdor va khususiyati payvastii tukhm va g.-ro, ki dar sharhi tahavvuli Meva muhimand, ba etibor megirad. Dar hamin asos s. 1948 olimi soveti A. L. Takhtasyan Mevahoro ba guruhhoi apokarpi (mas., marminjon, tut, qulfunay, gelos, olu, shaftolu, sanjid, ajalgiyoh, lis­ta, bodom, khurmo va g.), ki az sutunchahoi popayvast inkishof meyoband va senokarpi (choykohak, kanakunjid. savsan, bulut, chormagz, anjir, anor, angur, nok, bihi, aflesun, tarbuz, kadu, kharbuza, khashkhosh, oftobparast, gandum va g.), ki az gineseyhoi payvastabarg ba vujud meoyand, judo kardaast. Mevahoi senokarin dar navbati khud si kipriy, parakariy va lizikariy meshavand. Meva dar hayoti rastani ahamiyati buzurg doshta, boisi muhofizat va pahn shudani on megardad. Minaparda Mevaro to pukhtan az khushkidan, tasiroti mekhaniki, az xurdani hayvonot (dar in davra dar on moddahoi zahrnok, turshi va g, gun gashta, badi pukhta rasidani Meva nest meshavad) emin medorad. Mevapardai Mevahoi kushodanashavanda tukhmi rasidaro az sabzishi barmahal va khurdani hayvonot muhofizat menamoyad. Mevayu tukhm bo yorii shamol, ob, hayvonot va odam pahn meshavad. Baze Mevaho baroi bo yorii shamol pahn shudan (anemokhoriya) khudro muvofiq kardaand (mas., parra, qanotak, tojmuyak, stolodiyi parmonand va g. dorand). Dar mevapardai Mevahoi bo ob pahnshavanda (gidrokhoranda) inkishofi boftai havogir, javfi havonigohdoranda mushohida meshavad. Baze Mevaho har guna changakkhor, muyakkhor chaspak va g. dorand, ki ba pashmi hayvonot va libosi odamon mechaspand. Baze Mevahoro murcha (mirmekokhoriya) va parrandaho (ornitokhoriya) yo hayvonhoi digar (zookhoriya) pahn mekunand. Mevaho bo tukhmi, poru, oloti khojagii qishloq va naqliyot niz pahn meshavand.

Meva dar khojagii khalq ahamiyati ka­lon dorad. Mevai khurdanbobi rastanihoi khudruy va mazru tukhmdor (seb, murud, pok, bihi), donakdor (zardolu, shaftolu, olu, olubolu. Olucha, gelos va g.), sitrusi (limu, aflesun, norinj va g.), subtropikiyu tropiki (anor, anjir, anbakh, ananas, muz, avokado) va gujummeva (sot, angur, bektoshi, shahtuti zamini, qulfunay va g.) meshavad. Ba istehsoli mevajoti khurdani sohai bogdori mashgul ast. Meva ba miqdori ziyodi moddahoi gizoi (safeda, ravgan, angishtob, vitamin, moddahoi minerali va g.) doshta, juzi hatmii xurokvori va yake az manbahoi angishtobi hozim ast. Mevahoi tukhmdor beshtar fruktoza, donakdor boshad, glyukozayu sakharoza dorand. Meva servitamin ast. Mas., dar Mevahoi sitrusi 50—90 mg% vitamin jam me­shavad. Mevajot konsentrati tabiii vitaminhost. Mas., dar nastaran to 1500 mg% vitamini S va 5 mg% ka­rotin (orovitamini A), siyohkot to 400 mg% vitamini S gun meshavad. Muvofiqi malumoti Instituti gizoi AIT SSSR normai solonai istemoli Meva baroi yak kas 106 kg ast. Moddahoi faoli biologii tarkibi Meva dar prosessi hozima va metabolizm roli muhim mebozand. Yak zumra Mevahoro dar tib bo maqsadi tabobati va chun gizoi parhezi ba kor mebarand. Bisyor Mevahoro muddati daroz (makhsusan seb, nok, angur, limu, aflesun, norinj va g.) taru toza nigoh doshtan mumkin ast. Mevaro mekhushkonand; murabbo, kompot, chem, povidlo va g. tayyor mekunand. Ilmi mevashinosiro karpologiya menomand.

Tasvir dar sah. 492—193.

Ad.: Kadvi N. N., Geneticheskaya klassifikasii plodov, «Vest. MGU», 1947, M 12; Takhtadjyai A. L., Mor­fologicheskaya evolyusiya pokritosemen­nikh, M.—L., 1048; hamon muall., Os­novi evolyusionnoy morfologii pokri­tosemennikh, M.—L., 1064; Levina R. V., Sposobi rasprostraneniya plodov i semya, M., 1057 hamon muall., Plodi, Saratov, 1097; Shirokov V. P., Tekhnologiya khraneniya i perera­botki plodov i ovoshey, M.. 1070.

M. Hojimatov.