METALLURGIYa

METALLURGIYa (ae yun. motallur-geo — korkardi metallho), yak sohai istehsolot, tekhnika va ilm buda, orosesshoi az payvasthoi tabii yo materialhoi dig. hosil kardani metallu khulaho va inchunin prosesshoi digargun shudani khosiyathoi khulahoi metallhoro (az sababi tagyiri sokht va tarkibi khimiyavii onho) dar bar megirad. Metallurgiya hamchun sohai sanoat az istehsoli metallhoi siyoh, ranga va khulahoi on jo (nig. Metallurgiyai siyoh, Metallurgiyai ranga), metallurgiyai khoka, istehsoloti rekhtagari, korkardi metallho tahti fishor, kafsher, korkardi termikii metallho, korkardi khimiyaviyu termikii metallho, metallizasiya iborat ast. Metallurgiyai siyoh (prosessu tekhnologiyahoi istehsoli khulahoi ohanii karbondor az madanhoi ohan) metallurgiyai chuyan, pulod va istedholoti ferrokhulaho (khulahoi ohan)-ro dar bar megirad. Chuyan dar kurai domnavi, pulod dar kurai marteni, konvertor, kurahoi elektrii kamoni va induksioni, ferrokhulaho dar kurahoi domnaviyu elektri gudokhta meshavad. Chuyanro dar shakli rekhta yo moe baroi istehsoli pulod istifoda meoarand. Mahsuloti istehsoloti pulodgudozi pulodi rekhta meboshad. Zavodhoe, ki sikli purrai metallurgi dorand, pulodro dar shaklhoi tasma, bolor, gulba, simtanob, modelho va g. prokat mekunand. Baroi khushsifat namudani pulod az metodi vakuumohoi badikuravi, korkard bo dajgolhoi sintezi va gazhoi inerti gudozishi duborai elektrodajgoli va vakuumi istifoda mebarand. Gunogunii tarzi istehsoloti Metallurgiyai ranga ba kharakteri polimetalli va miqdori kami metall doshtani madan do vobasta ast. Hangomi pirometallurgiya koisentrati az metall boyro gudokhta, metallashro judo karda, toza (rafinasiya) mekunand. Dar usuli gidrometallurgi payvasthoi metallhoro avval dar ob hal namuda, bo kislota yo ishqorho ba reaksiya darovarda, bad az mahlul khudi metallro ba vositai elektroliz judo karda megirand. Metallhoi pangai sabukro az elektrolizi payvasthoi khimiyavii gudokhtashuda hosil mekunand. Az usulhoi khimiyavi-termiki, sublimasiya, Distillyasiya, amalgamironi va g. niz istifoda mebarand. Dar M.-i ranga prosessi metallurgiyai ilazmavi niz tatbiq shuda istodaast. Metallurgiyai khoka prosessi az khokai metallho dar natijai prsssonidai tayyor kardani predmetno (detalho)-i doroi shaklu andozai muayyane meboshad, ki onhoro (yakchoya bo pressonidan o badtar) baroi paydo kunonidani khosiyathoi zaruri nagudokhta garm mekunand. Istehsoloti rekhtagari yak sohan Metallurgiya ba hisob rafta, dar on predmeti rekhtashavanda dar natijai bo metall yo khulai gudokhta pur kardani kholigihoi jolib hosil karda meshavad. Dar mavridi korkard tahti fishor, sokht va khosiyati fizikiyu mekhanikii metallu khulakho tagyir yofta, deformasiya meshavand va shakli matlubro megirand. Kafsher prosessi tekhnologii hosil kardani detalhoi doroi payvasti judonashavanda meboshad. Bo usulhoi elektri va gazi gudokhta kafsher kardan mamultarin usul ba hisob meravad. Prosessi lahimkori ba kafsher monand ast. Dar in mavrid metallhoi gudokhta bayni ham khula khosil mekunandu rui detalhoi payvastshavandaro pushonda, badi khunuk shudan onhoro ba ham sakht mepayvandand. Korkardi termi ba tagyir yoftani sokhti dokhilii metallu khulaho dar rejimhon gunoguni harorat (garmi va khunuki) asos yoftaast. Hangomi korkardi khimiyavi-termiki dar sathi metallu khulaho ba tavri diffuzioni elementhoe, ki khosiyathoi onho (sakhti, derfarsudashavi, tobovari va korroziya va g.)-ro tagyir medihand, joy megirand. Ba gayr az in, prosesshoi sementasiya, nitrony, alyuminironi, sianironi, khromironi va g. niz istifoda meshavand. Korkardi termi va khimiyavi-termi dar z-dhoi metallurgi, sekhho yo shubahoi termi z-dhoi moshinsozi guzaronida meshavand. Metallizasiya (bo dig. metallho andudani sathi metallu khulaho) bo maqsadi baland bardoshtani darajai tobovari ba korroziya, garmi, farsoish va baroi oro dodan kor farmuda meshavad. Dar barobari usulhoi vase tatbiqshavandai bo rohi elektroliti va khimiyavi takshonda andudan, ba gudokhtaho gutochdan, plakironi, bo gardi metall ruypush kardan, usuli plazmavii bo gardi nikel, khrom, bor va elementhoi dig. andudani sathi khulahoi tanakordoshta niz perspektivnoi ba shumor meravad. M. hamchun ilm dar zaminai muvaffaqiyathoi metallshinosi, fizikai metallho, fizikai khimiyavi, termodinamika va g. rivoju ravnaq yofta istodaast.

Ad.: Obshaya metallurgiya, pod red. E. V. Chelisheva, M., 1971; Osnovi metallurgii, t. 1—6, M., 1961—73.