MENShEVIZM

MENShEVIZM, jarayoni asosii opportunisti dar sosial-demokratiyai Rossiya, yak navi opportunizmi baynalkhalqi. Dar Sezdi 2-yumi RSDRP (1903) paydo shuda, dushmanoni plani lenini barpo namudani partiyai tipi navi marksistiro (nig. Bolshevizm) muttahid kard va hangomi intikhobi muassisahoi markazii partiya aqalliyati ovozhoro girift (nomash az hamin jost). Menshivizm bo peshguzashtagoni khud dar harakati sosial-demokratii rus va baynalkhalqi «bernshteynchigi», «marksizmi legali», «iqtisodchigi» robitai goyavi dosht. Peshvoyoni on L. Martov, A. S. Martinov, A. N. Potresov, P. B. Akselrod, F. I. Dan budand. Pas az Sezdi 2-yumi RSDRP G. V. Plekhanov ham nisbat ba opportuniston mavqei murosokoriro pesh girift va badtar ba Menshivizm damrod shud. Menshivizm partiyai maydaburjuazi bud va bazai ommavii proletari nadosht. «Menshevikov badtarin dushmanoni sosializm meboshand, zero onho libosi proletari dar bar mekunand, ammo menshevikho tabaqai gayriproletari hastand. Dar in tabaqa faqat guruhi nochizi boloiyash proletar meboshad lekin khudi in tabaqa az intellyagensiyai mayda iborat ast» (V. I. Lenin, As., j 29, sad. 186). Dar sinfi korgar Menshivizm asosan az bayni korgaroni hunarmand va tabaqahoi nisbatan osudaholi proletariat tarafdoroni khudro paydo mekard. Menshivizm hamchun jarayoni siyosi yagona nabuda, navu tobishhoi gunogun dosht. Troskizm niz dar davrai paydoishi khud yake az navhoi Menshivizm bud. Menshivizm dialektikai marksizmro nafahmida, onro ba tavri dogmatiki dark mekard. Menshivizm nazariyai marksistiro dar borai ahamiyati sharoiti obektivii ba amal ovardani revolyusiya etirof namuda, dar borai roli nachandon kaloni omili subektivi — shuurnoki va mutashakkilii avangardi revolyusioni dar tayyor kardan va guzaronidani revolyusiya khulosai bardurug barovard. Nafahmidani roli partiya hamchun peshvoi goyavi va tashkilotchii sinfi korgar az hamin jo barmeomad. Menshivizm revolyusiyai dar Rossiya tayyorshudaistodaro res. burjuazi-demokrati hisob karda, proletariatro yake az quvvahoi asosii revolyusiya donista istoda, chunin khulosai nodurust barovard, ki gegemoniya dar in revolyusiya, chunonki dar revolyusihoi burjuazii Evropai Garbi (asrhoi 18—19) bud, boyad ba burjuaziya taalluq doshta boshad Harosi maydaburjuazi az zadukhurdhoi tezutundi sinfi, kushishi khomush kardani ziddiyathoi sinfii bayni burjuaziya va sinfi korgar (ba maqsadi az revolyusiya naharosonidani burjuaziya) az hamin barmeomad. Menshivizm guzaronandai tasiri burjuaziya ba proletariat bud.

Menshivizm az digar jarayonhoi maydaburjuazii opportunisti dar Rossiya bo on farq mekard, ki dar harakati korgari vujud doshta, khudro bo marksizm pardapush menamud, mohiyati revolyusionii marksizmro vayron va reviziya mekard. Dar Sezdi 2-umi RSDRP opportunizmi Menshivizm dar chunin masalahoi tashkili zuhur yoft: rad namudani zarurati tashkili partiyai marksistii markazonidashuda, intizomi qatii partiyavi, targibi usuli kori partiyahoi siyosii Evropai Garbi, ki siyosati «darhoi kushod»-ro meguzaronidand. Az in jost tezisi Menshivizm dar borai ba safi partiya qabul kardani hamai khohishmandon biduni uhdadorii kor kardan dar yagon tashkilot va itoat namudan ba intizomi partiyavi. Platformai siyosi va taktikii M. dar Konferensiyai menshevikon dar Jeneva (1905) dar davrai sarshavii Rev. burjuazi-demokratii 1905—07 dar Rossiya muayyan karda shuda bud. Menshevikon sharoiti navi tarikhiro ba hisob nagirifta, ittifoqi sinfi korgar va burjuaziyai liberaliro targib mekardand. Onho mohiyati masalai agrariro, ki mazmuni asosii Rev. demokratii Rossiyaro tashkil mekard, nafahmida, revolyusioni budani dehqonon, zarurati ittifoqi sinfi korgaru dehqon va gegemoniyati proletariatro hamchun sharti asosii galabai revolyusiya inkor mekardand. M. ba shiori revolyusioni-demokratii diktaturai proletariat va dehqonon, ishtiroki sosial-demokratho dar kori Hukumati muvaqqatii revolyusioni, tayyor kardani shurishi musallah muqobil baromada, Sovethoi deputathoi korgaronro faqat organhoi mahallii khudidorakuni meshumorid, faoliyati onhoro bo shurishi musallahona aloqamand namedonist. Pas az maglubiyati Shurishi musallahi dekari dar Moskva (1905) peshvoyoni Menshivizm onro «khatoi tarikhi» nomida, ba khulosae omadaid, ki «ba asliha dast burdan lozim nabuda (Plekhanov). Dar masalai agrari M. ba musodira kardani zaminhoi pomeshikon muqobil baromad. Dar Sezdi 4-umi (muttahidkunandai) RSDRP (1906) faqat muttahidshavii rasmii bolshevikon bo menshevikon ba amal omad. V. I. Lenin qayd karda bud ki: «Mo dar solhoi 1903—12 yakchand solho bo menshevikho rasman dar yak partiyai yagonai sosial-demokrati budem, vale hej goh muborizai ideyavi va siyosiro bar ziddi onho, ki opportunist va guzaronandagoni tasiri burjuazi ba proletariat budand, qat namekardem» (As., j 31, sah. 60). Taktikai opportunistii KM-i mensheviki, ki dar Sezdi 4-um intikhob gardida bud, az tarafi aksariyati tashkilothoi mahallii partiyavi mahkum karda shud. Dar Sezdi 5-umi (londonii) RSDRP (1907) bolshevikon galabai komil ba dast ovardand. Dar solhoi reaksiyai 1908—10 menshevikon mekushidand, ki ba barham dodani partiyai korgarii marksistii gayrilegali, man kardani faoliyati gayrilegalii revolyusioni va tashkil namudani partiyai legaliyu islohotchigii «partiyai korgarii stolshini» noil gardand. Konferensiyai 6-umi (pragagii) umumirossiyagii RSDRP (1912) menshevikonu likvidatorchiyonro az partiya khorij kard. Az hamin vaqt Menshivizm hamchun partiyai mustaqil, ki hamchunin khudro RSDRP menomid, vujud dosht. Dar arafai Jangi yakumi jahoni (1914— 18) ommai asosii proletariati boshuuri Rossiya az pasi bolshevikon meraft. Menshevikon dar davrai Jangi yakumi jahoni dar mavqei sosialshovinizm istoda, shiori burjuazii «muhofizati vatan»-ro tarafdori mekardand. Dar vaqti Rev. burjuazi-demokratii fevrali 1917 menshevikon hamrohi eserho rohbariro dar Sovetho ba dast darovarda, hokimiyat)o ba dasti Hukumati muvaqqatii burjuazi supurdand va bo onho oshkoro zabon yak kardand. Pas az ruzhoi iyulii 1917 menshevikon qatiyan ba lageri kontrrevolyusiya guzashta, dar nazdi ommai mehnatkash khudro hamchun yordamchiyoni burjuaziya fosh namudand. Dar ibtidoi oktyabri 1917 Menshivizm hamchun jarayoni siyosi dar harakati korgari faoliyatashro amalan qat kard, Dar muborizai goyaviyu siyosi Menshivizm az tarafi fi bolshevizm tamoman torumor karda shud., Menshivizm ba Revolyutsiyai Oktyabri 1917 muqobil baromad, Noyabr. okhirin sezdi menshevikon dar ruhi ziddi bolshevizm va safarbarkunii quvvaho ba muborizai ziddisoveti guzasht. Menshevikon talab mekardand, ki hokimiyat ba Majlisi muassison doda shavad, onho ba sulhi Brosti 1918, nazorati korgari dar istehsolot, millikunonii sanoat, tashkil kardani Armiyai Surkh muqobil baromada, korgaronro ba korpartoi davat menamudand, dar tashkilothoi pinhonkori kontrrevolyusioni va g, ishtirok mekardand. Badi Jangi grajdani (1913—20) menshevikoni boqimonda faoliyati ziddisovetii khudro davom dodand. S. 1931 guruhi kontrrevolyusionii Menshevikon «Byuroi ittifoqii KM RSDRP», ki dar organhoi sovetiyu khojagi kori zararnok meburd, fosh karda shud. Shikasti purrai Menshivizm oqibati qonunii khiyonati menshevikon ba kori demokratiya va sosializm bud.