MEKhANIKAI OSMONI

MEKhANIKAI OSMONI, yak qismi astronomiya buda, harakati jirmhoi kayhoni, az jumla, jirmhoi sistemai Oftobro dar asosi qonuni jozibai jahoni meomuzad. Qismi asosii Mekhanikai osmoni muosirro astrodinamika tashkil medihad, ki on harakati jismhoi masnui kayhoniro meomuzad. Istilohi Mekhanikai osmoniro avvalin marotiba ba ilm P. Laplas (1796) dokhil kardaast.

Masalahoe, ki ba halli onho Mekhanikai osmoni mashgul ast, inhoand: 1) tadqiqi harakati jirmhoi osmoni dar maydoni joziba (holathoi khususii masalai p jirm, alalkhusus masalai du jirm va masalai se jirm); 2) bunyodi qonunhoi matematikii harakati jismhoi tabii va masnui kayhoni (sayyoraho, radifho, kometaho, bondhoi kayhoni);3) mushohidahoi astronomiro bo tadqiqothoi nazariyavi muqoisa namuda, dar asosi onho muayyan kardana sobitahoi umdai astronomi (upsurnoi mador, massai sayyoraho, shakli Zamin va qimathoi adadii buzurgihoi maydoni jozibai onro ifodakunanda); 4) tartib dodani efemeridhoi astronomi (solnomahoi astronomi).

Mekhanikai osmoni az ilmhoi qadimtarin ast. Khalqhoi Sharqi bostoni dar asri 6 to m. dar sohai harakati jirmhoi osmoni donishhoi amiq doshtand. Ammo dar tuli asrho in donishho faqat ba kinematikai empirii sistemai Oftob oid budandu bas. Ba Mekhanikai osmonii muosir I. Nyuton dar «Usulhoi matematikii tabiatshinosi» (hikmati tabiat) nom asarash asos guzoshtaast (1687). Qonuni jozibai Nyuton dar bayni ahli ilm bo dushvori etirof meshud. Bo vujudi in nimanon asri 18 malum gardid, ki nazariyai Nyuton umdatarin khususiyathoi harakati jismhoi sistemai Oftobro ba khubi sharq medihad (J. Dalamber, A. Klero). J. Lagranj va P. Laplas metodhoi klassikii nazariyai oshubhoro kor karda baromadand. U. Levere (a. 19) avvalin shuda nazariyai hozirazamoni harakati sayyorahoi kalonro tartib dod. Nazariyai sayyorahoi kalon minbad dar tadqiqoti astronomhoi amerikoi S. Nyukom va Ch- jild (1895—98) inkishof yoftand. Asri 20 dar sohai takmili usulhoi matematikii M. o. komyobihoi buzurg ba miyon ovard. Matematiki fransavi A. Puankare, matematiki rus A. M. Lyapunov va astronomi fin K. Sundman nazariyai M. o.-ro inkishof dodand. Dar miyonai asri 20 ba qadri baland shudani sahehii mushohidai jirmhoi osmoni, inkishof yoftani metodhoi mushohida va faro rasidani imkoniyati bo yorii bandhoi kayhoni va radifhoi masnui Zamin guzaronidani tajribaho boisi ahamiyat paydo kardani hisobi effekthoi relyativisti dar harakati jirmhoi sistemai Oftob gardid. Problemahoi mazkurro M. o.-i relyativisti hal karda va on dar navbati khud ba nazariyai umumii nisbiyati Eynshteyn takya menamoyad (nig. Joziba). Nazariyai umumii nisbiyat hodisai jozibaro amiqtar manidod mekunad va az in jihat gap dar sari tadili note ba nazariyai mamuli (nyutonii) harakati jirmhoi osmoni nest. Dar SSSR tadqiqot dar sohai Mekhanikai osmoni tahti salohiyati markazhoi ilmi: Instituti astronomiyai nazariyavii AF SSSR (Leningrad) va kafedrai mekhanikai osmonii Universiteti davlatii Moskva pesh burda meshavad. Mas., dar Leningrad bo masalahoi tartib dodani solnomahoi astronomi, hisob kardani efemeridhoi sayyorahoi khurd va g. mashgul shavand, dar Moskva tadqiqoti problemahoi astrodinamika mavqei muhimro nshgol kardaand.

Ad.: Duboshin G.N., Nebesnaya mekhanika, M., 1975.

N. Abdulloev.