MAVRITANIYa

MAVRITANIYa, Respublikai Islomii Mavritaniya (frans. Republigie Islamigie de Mauritania, ap. ), davlat dar Shimolu Garbii Afrika. Dar Garb to sohilhoi uqyonusi Atlantik, dar Shimol to sarhadhoi Aljazoir va Sahroi Kabiri Magrib, dar Shimol va Janub to sarhadhoi Mali va Senegal pahn shudaast. Masohati 1030,7 hazor km2. Aholiash 1,59 mln nafar (1979). Poytakhtash sh. Nuakshot (aholiash 140 hazor nafar, 1978). Az jihati mamuri Mavritaniya ba 8 rayon va 1 okrugi poytakhti taqsim shudaast.

Sokhti davlati. Mavritaniya— respublika. Muvofiqi khartiyai konstitusioni az 10 yanvari 1980 tamomi hokimiyat dar dasti raisi Komiteti harbii najoti milli (KKh.NM). Organi qonunbaror — Majlisi milli.

Tabiat. Qismi ziyodi terr. Mavritaniyaro biyobonhoi regzoru sanglokhi Sahroi Kabiri Magrib ishrod kardaand. Dar sohili uqyonusi Atlantik pastiho, hamvoriho va jaziraho bisyorand. Relefash beshtar az hamvorihoi vasei past va pushtakuhhoi na on qadar baland iborat ast. Dar Shimol balandii Adrar voqe ast (k. Amoazaga, 732 m), dar Janub pushtakuhhoi regzori Tagant, Asaba va g. mavjudand (balandii miyona 300—400 m). Balandiho va pushtakuhho bo biyobonho va khomahoi per ihota shudaand. Az sarvathoi zerizamini madanhoi ohan va mis, volfram, namak mavjudand. Iqlimash tropikii biyoboni. Harorati miyonai yanvari 16—20° S, iyul 30— 32° S. Borishoti solona az 100 mm kamtar, dar Shimolu Sharq taqriban 50 mm. Gayr az d. Senegal digar obhoi rayoni doimi nadorad, az obhoi zerizamini va chashmahoi kamshumor istifoda mebarand. Dar nohiyakhoi Mavritaniya rastanihoi khushadoru buttagii biyoboni meruyand. Dar Janub nimbiyobonhoe hastand, ki dar onho buttahoi khushkidust va aqoqiyo meruyad. Olami hayvonoti Mavritaniya az namudhoi ba biyobonho khosi hayvonot beshtar khazanda va khoyandaho, az darrandaho— shagol, ruboh, shuturmurgho, sumdorho iborat ast. Dar obhoi nazdi sohil mohihoi gunogun (sardina, tunes, merlan va g.) bisyorand.

Aholi. Ziyoda az */« hissai sokinoni tagjoi arabhoi Sahroi Kabiri Magrib (mavrho) meboshand. Yak guruhi na on qadar kaloni barbarho — eenegaho niz boqi mondaand. Boqimonda mavritaniho — khalqhoi negroidi: tukulerho, volof, fulbe (pel), sarakole, sonnike va g. Az ajnabiyon asosan fransaviho zindagi mekunand. Zaboni rasmi — arabi va fransavi. Dini rasmi — islom (sunnihoi malakuti). 85% aholi bo korhoi khojagii qishloq mashgul ast, az 3/ch hissai onho chorvodori nimkuchmanchi va kuchmanchi meboshand. Shahrhoi kalontarin: Nuakshot, Nuadibu, Chuzrat, Roso, Atar.

Ocherki tarikhi. Dar asrhoi 7—11 qismi janubi Mavritaniya ba hayati davlathoi asrimiyonagii Afrikai Garbi (Gana, Tekrur) dokhil bud, dar terr. Mavritaniyai Shimoli yakchand davlatchahoi barbarho — sankhanho mavjud budand. Dar asri 11 davlati tavonoi Almoraniho ba vujud omad. Dar asarhoi 13—14 qismi janubi Mavritaniya ba davlati asrimiyonagii Mali tobe bud. Dar asrhoi 14—15 qabilahoi makili arab ba Mavritaniya zada daromadand va in prosessi musulmon va arabikunonii Mavritaniyaro, ki dar asri 11 cap shuda bud, tezond. Markazi asosii divi va siyosii Mavritaniya vohai Shingetti shud. Lahjai hasanini zaboni arabi vase pahn gardid. Evroioiho dar asri 15 ba Mavritaniya dokhil shudand. Portugaliho va ispaniho baroi barovardani gulomoni siyoh va inchunin tilloyu samti arabi dar sohilhoi Mavritaniya istehkomho sokhtand. Bo onho gollandiho, anglisho va Fransaviho raqobat doshtand. Evropoiho dar sohilhoi d. Senegal muassisahoi savdo sokhtand.

Apparathoi zavodi shirinkunii obi bahr dar shahri Nuakshot.

Muvofiqi Sulhi Versal (1783) sohilhoi Mavritaniya dar zeri tasiri Fransiya monda, mustamlikakunii purshiddat vusat yoft. Fransaviho soli 1903 dar zamini qabilahoi arabi trarza va brakna, ki ba «terr. grajdanii Mavritaniya» dar doirai Afrikai Gapbii Fransiya (ARF) dokhil shuda bud, protektorati khudro barqapop kardand. Soli 1909 qushunhoi Fransiya viloyati Adrar — takyagohi asosii mavritanihoro zabt kardand. Soli 1920 mamlakat dar khayati ARF rasman mustamlikai Fransiya elon karda shud. Az huquqhoi odditarin mahrum kardani aholi, andozhoi vaznin, mehnati majburi boisi on shud, ki mavritaniho ba viloyathoi hamsoya, az jumla ba Rio-de-Oro, ki on jo quvvahoi Muqobilat jam meshudand, gurezand. Badi Jangi duyumi jahoni muboriza baroi ozodi boz vusat yoft, avvalin partiyahoi siyosi ba vujud omadand: Ittifoqi Mavritaniya (IM, 1946) va Ittifoqi progressivii Mavritaniya (IPM, 1947). Hukumati Fransiya majbur shud, ki soli 1958 dar dokhili Ittihodi Fransiya ba Mavritaniya avtonomiya va huquqi barpo namudani organhoi dokhilii konstitusioni dihad. 28 noyabri 1960 dar sh. Nuakshot Respublikai Islomii Mavritaniyai mustaqil elon karda shud. Dar muborizai tezu tund baroi oyandai mamlakat IM va IPM ba ham zid meistodand: IM davat mekard, ki Mavritaniya ba Marokash hamroh karda shavad, IPM tarafdori on bud, ki Mavritaniya davlati mustaqil elon shuda, aloqahoi zichi on bo Fransiya nigoh doshta shavad. Dar in muboriza IPM golib omad va qismi asosii IM ba ham hamroh shud; Partiyai aznavsozii Mavritaniya (PAM) tashkil doda shud (1958). Az soli 1960 cap karda PAM baroi mustahkam namudani rohi taraqqiyoti mustaqilonai mamlakat tadbirho andeshid. Kongressi yagonagii Mavritaniya, ki dekabri 1961 barpo gashta bud, dar asosi PAM hamai partiyahoro ba Partiyai khalqii Mavritaniya (PKhM) muttahid namud, ki vay partiyai yagona va hukmroni mamlakat gardid. Hukumati Mavritaniya ba barham dodani rusumi ananavii peshvoho cap karda islohoti mamuri-territoriyavi guzarond, barobarhuquqii zanonro elon kard va g. Dar siyosati beruniash Mavritaniya prinsiphoi hamroh nashudan ba blokho, hamkori bo hamai mamlakatho va dasttirii muboriza baroi yagonagii mamlakathoi arab va afrikoiro pesh megirad. Soli 1973 Mavritaniya bo Fransiya doir ba hamkorii iqtisodi va madani (ba ivazi shartnomai soli 1961) shartnoma bast, ki on Fransiyaro az yak qator imtiyozhoe, ki shartnomai soli 1961 peshbini karda bud, mahrum kard. Azoi TDM (az 1961), Tashkiloti yagonagii Afrika, Tashkiloti azkhudkunii havzai d. Senegal va Ligai davlathoi arab (az 1973). Soli 1961 Ittifoqi Mehnatkashoni Mavritaniya tasis gardid. Bayni Mavritaniya va Ittifoqi Soveti soli 1964 munosibathoi diplomati barqaror karda, 1966 shartnomai savdo, 1967 shartnoma oid ba hamkorii madani va ilmi, 1973 shartnoma dar sohai mohigiri, 1974 shartnoma dar borai aloqai havoi imzo karda shud.

Khojagi. Mavritaniya mamlakati agrari buda, sanoati madanistehsolkuniash ru ba taraqqiyot. Asosi khojagii qishloqdori va ziroatkorii ekstensivi tashkil medihad. Kasbu hunarhoi ananavi niz taraqqi kardaaid.

Kombinati madantozakuny dar sh. Akchavit.

Badi ba dast ovrdani istiqloliyat sisati iqtisodii hukumat dar miyonahoi chorsolai 1-um (1963—66) va 2-yum (11)70—73) inikos yoft, ki on baroi az khud kardan va istifoda burdani zakhirahoi tabii, ba vujud ovardani sohahoi navi sanoat dar doirai sektorhoi davlati va omekhtai sanoati madanistshsolkuni (madanhoi ohan va mis) va sanoati mohigiri ravona karda shuda bud. Soli 1976 tatbiqi plani panjsolai taraqqiyot (1976—80) ogoz yoft. Ziyoda az 30% mahsuloti umumii milli az hisobi chorvodorii kuchmanchi va nimkuchmanchi ast. Maydoni charogohho — taqriban 40 mln ga. Dar soli 1978 1,2 mln cap gov, 7,5 mln cap gusfamdu buz, 0,7 mln cap shutur, 180 hazor cap. khar mavjud bud. Mahsulnokii chorvo past ast.

Maydoni zaminhoi kisht taqriban 300 hazor ga. Ziroati asosii khojagii qishloq arzani afrikoi va choyjuvori; dar nohiyaho khurmo meruyad. Inchunin juvorimakka, lubiyo, batat, arakhis (chormagzi zamini), sholi parvarish mekunand. Dar soli 1977 taqriban 30 hazor t galla, taqriban 13 hazor t khurmo jamovari karda shud. Masolehi ananavii Mavritaniya— samti arabi (shilm). Az d. Senegal va nazdikii sohilhoi bahr mohi megirand. Dar sanoati madan mavqei asosiro istehsoli madani ohan ishgol mekunad (soli 1977 10,0 mln t). Soli 1975 ba istehsoli madan shirkati davlatii «Shirkati Mavritanii kommleksi shimolii madani kuhi» («KOMINOR»), ba istehsoli mis shirkati davlatii SOMIMA mashgul budand. Shirkati Fransiyayu Mavritanii SOMIREMA (hissai Mavritaniya— 20%) elementkhoi kamyobro kor karda mebarorad. Dar Shim. namaksang istehsol mekunand. Kombinati korkardi mohi, zavodi qand dar Nuakshot, nushimkhona bo yakhdoni gushtnigahdori, zavodi charm, khurmokomservakuni, dastgoh baroi shirinkunii obi bahr va g. mavjud ast. Istehsoli quvvai elektr — 93,4 mln kVt-s. (1973).

Darozii rohhoi avtomobilgard 3,2 hazor km va rohi ohan 652 km. Bandari asosii bahri — Nuadibu. Aeroporthoi Nuakshot va Nuadibu ahamiyati baynalkhalqi dorand. Madani ohan, konsentrati mis, mahsuloti mohi, samti arabiro ba khorija barovarda, az khorija khurokvori, molhoi sanoati, mahsuloti neft va g. ovarda meshavad. Asosan bo Fransiya, Britaniyai Kabir, Italiya, Yaponiya savdo mekunad. Vohidi pul— ugiya.

Maorif. Ziyoda az 95% aholii kalonsol besavod ast. Talim ba tarzi fransavi meboshad. Maktabi ibtidoi 6-sola, maktabi miyona — 7-sola. Instituti millii islom shinosi (tasisash 1961) malumoti olii dini medihad. Dar davomi istiqloliyati Mavritaniya shumorai bachahoi maktabhoi 3 maro