MAGNIYa

MAGNIYa (lot. Magnesium), Mg, elementi khimiyavii guruhi II sistemai davrii Mendeleev, raqami at. 12, massai at. 24,305. Magniyai tabii az 3 izotopi sobit — 24Mg (78,60%), 25Mg (10,11%) va 2eMg (11,29%) iborat ast. 3 izotopi radioaktivii suniash —23Me, 27Mg, 2iMg niz hosil karda shudaast. Magniyaro dar shakli khoka soli 1808 G. Devi hangomi elektrolizi magneziyai tar dar katodi simobi va taktiri amalgamai dar natijai on hosilshavanda kashf kardaast. Magniya 2,10%-i massai qishri Zaminro tashkil mekunad. Dar tabiat dolomit, forsterit, magnezit, karnallit barin dahho mineralhoi silikati, karbonati, sulfati, khloridi, fosfatii Magniya mavjudand. Obi bahrho to 0,38% va obi baze kulho to 30% khloridi magniy dorand. Magniya metalli nuqratob, narmi yozanda va sabuk ast. Zichiash 1739 kg/m3 (dar 20° S); t gud. 651° S; t jush. 1107° S. Magniya dar hamai payvasthoyash 2 valenta ast. Vay metalli faol buda, dar havo bo pardai tunuki oksid pushida meshavad; hangomi sakht tafsondan (600—650° S) bo shulai chashmkhirakunanda sukhta oksidi magniy (MgO) va qisman nitridi magniy (MkzOD hosil mekunad. Bo obi khunuk ba reaksiya nameravad, ammo az oyFH ob (dar 400° S) gidrogenro khorij menamoyad. Magniya aksariyati metallhoro az mahluli obii namakhoyashon fishurda mebarorad; bo mahluli serobi kislotahoi minerali bo osoni ba reaksiya meravad. Magniya hangomi tafsonidan bo gidrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, gallogenho, karbon, silisiy, fosfor va digar elementho payvast shuda gidrid, gallogenid, sulfid, karbid, silisid, fosfid va g., inchunin bo moddahoi organiki payvasthoi metalloorganiki, bo metallho khulahoi sabuk hosil mekunad.

Magniya yake az elementhoi hayotan zaruri organizm ast. Konsentrasiyai vay dar tarkibi baze obsaozho to 3%, foraminiferho to 3,5%, isfanjhoi ohaki to 4% meshavad. Dar khlorofili nabototi rui Zamin takhminan 100 mlrd t Magniya mavjud ast. Magniyaro organizmi hayvonu odam ba vositai khurok megirad. Ehtiyoji shaboruzii odam ba Magniya 0,3—0,5 g. ast. Miqdori normalii Magniya dar khun 4,3 mg% buda, hangomi ziyod shudani on serkhobi, behissi va bazan falaji mushakhoi skelet mushohida meshavad. Hangomi norasogii Magniya mutadilii angezishi sistemai asab, kashishkhurii mushakho vayron megardad. Magniyaro dar tekhnika asosan bo rohi elektrolizi khloridi Magniya yo karnalliti beob, inchunin bo usuli metallotermi yo karbotermi hosil mekunand. Magniya dar pirotekhnika, metallurgiyai istehsoli khulaho, hosil kardani vanadiy, titan, uran, sirkoniy, chuyani sakht, inchunin tekhnikoy atom, tib, khojapgii qishloq va g. vase istifoda meshavad.

Ad.: Streles X. L., Tays A. Yu., Gulyaniskiy B. S., Metallurgiya magniya, M., 1960.