MADANIYaTI ShUMER

MADANIYaTI ShUMER, madaniyati hazorahoi 4—3 to m. shumeriho, ki dar qismi ziyodi Baynannahrayn pahn budand. Barobari madaniyati misriyon qadimtarin madaniyati jamiyati sinfi meboshad. Ba Madaniyati Shumer oloti misi, badtar birinji va inkishofi ziroati obi khosand. Imoratho az khishti khom bo havlihoi darunu berun sokhta meshudand. Ibodatgoh markazi shahr hisob meshud, ki dar sahni on zikkurat, burji muhtashami serzina voqe bud. Shumeriho ofarandagoni khati qadimtarin (miyonai hazorai 4 to m.) budand. Bo chubcha dar rui gili nam menavishtand. Dar madaniyati manavii shumeriho mavqei din purzur bud. Har yak shahr-davlat khudoi khudro dosht, vale khudohoe niz budand, ki hamai shumeriho meparastidand. Enlil khudoi oli hisob meyoft.

Shumeriho hanuz dar miyonai hazorai 3 to m. adabiyoti khatti doshtand. In navishtajot dar avval khotiroti podshohon, dar borai harbu zarb va binosorihoi onho, dertar nazmi epiki bud, ki qudratu tavonoii khudoho, dilovarii qahramonho va podshohoni qadimaro vasf menamud. Dar sanati tasvirii hazorai 4 to m. shumeriho kushishi inikosi realistonai voqeiyat mushohida meshavad, vale az avvali hazorai 3 to m. tamoyuli gayrirealistona roh meyoft. Mavzui asosii sanati tasviri khudoho, manzarahoi afsonavi, marosimi ibodat, lahzahoi jang, badtar podshohon, kornomahoi kharbi va binokorii onho budand. Dar bayni shumeriho asoshoi ilm, khususan handasa va nujum inkishof yofta bud.

Ad.: Litner N. D.. Kultura i iskusstvo Dvurechya i sosednikh stran, L.— M., 1958. Ya. V. Lyankov.