Lubnon

LUBNON – Respublpkai Lubnon (Lebanon – Livan ), davlati khurdi muttaraqiest, ki dar Osiyoi Garbi va sohili sharkii bahri Miyonazamin meboshad. Dar Shimol va Sharq bo Suriya, dar bo Janubu Sharq bo Isroil hamsarhad meboshad. Masohatash 10,4 hazor km2. Aholi­ash 6,3 mln. nafar (2017 sol). Poytakhtash shahri Beyrut meboshad. Az jihati mamuri Lubnon ba 5 viloyat taqsim meshavad.

Sokhti davlaty. Lubnon — respublikai parlumoni meboshad. Konstitutsiyai joriash 23 may 1926 qabul shudaast (solhoi 1927, 1929, 1943, 1947, 1976 va 1990 ba on tagyirot dokhil karda shudaand). Sardori davlat— prezident, ki uro parlament ba muhlati 6 sol intikhob mekunad. Prezident sarvazir va vazironro tain va az vazifaashon kholi meku­nad, qonun mebarorad.

U sarfarmondehi quvvahoi musallah niz mebosha,l. Opgani olii hokimiyati qonunbaror — parlamenti yakpalatagist, ki dar asosi sistemai konfessionali (alomati dini) ba muhlati 4 sol intikhob meshavad. Masalahoi ma­muriro dar okrugho, gubernatorho na dar nohiyaho suprefektho hal mekunand, ki onhoro hukumat tain mekunad. Sistemai sudi: sudhoi instantsiyai yakum, apellyatsioni va kas­satsioni, sudhoi shari. sistemai sudhoi mamuri, doir ba masalahoi bahsi mehnati — arbitrajho, sud doir ba masalahoi bekhatarii davlati.

LUBNON DAR KhARITA

Tabiat: Lubnon asosan mamlakati kuhsor; dar kad-qadi pastkhamii kambari nazdisohili qatorakuhi Lubnoni Gapbi va qatorakuhi Lubnoni Sharki tul kashida, dar bayni onho pasti chuqurii Bekaa voqest. Iqlimash subt­ropiki; tobiston khushku zimiston sernam. Dar nohiyahoi nazdi sohil haroratash yanvar 13° S, iyul 28°S, dar ba­landii taqriban 1000 metr 6° S—22°S.

Borishoti solona dar nohiyahoi naz­di sohil 750—1000 mm, dar kuhsor ziyoda az 1000 mm. dar vodii Bekaa na pushtakuhi garoni qatorakuhi Lubno­ni Sharki 400—800 mm. Daryohoyash khurd. Daryoi kalontarin Litani. Khokash dorchini, khokistarrangi dorchinii sanglokh. Nabototash asosan butagi, dar garbi pushtakuhi qatorakuhi Lubnon beshahoi boqimonda (buluti hameshasabz, chinor, farq, sanavbar, archa) duchor meoyand. Olami hayvonotash: kaftori rakh-rakh, shagol, gizol (qarib tamoman qir shudaast). khelhoi ziyodi khoyandayu parrandaho niz mavjudand.

Aholash: Ziyoda az 90%-i aholi—arabho. Qarib 500 hazor nafar az onho firorioni falastiniand. Dar Lubnon armaniho, kurdho, shumorai kami cherkishi, turkho, forsho, yahudiyon, ev­ropoiho  va digaron zindagi mekunand. Zaboni rasmi — arabi, zabonhoi fransavi va anglisi niz mamuland. Ziyoda az 30% hissai aholi musulmon (sunni, shia, druzho), boqimonda — nasroni (az onho 2/z hissaashon maronitho). Zichii miyonai aholi dar 1 metri murabba 520,46 nafar (2016 sol). Shahrhoi kalon — Beyrut (qarib 2 mln. nafar aholi soli 2017), Taroblis, Saydo va Zahla meboshand.

VIDEO OIDI LUBNON

Ocherki tarikhi:  Dar masohati hozi­rai Lubnon odamon az zamonhoi qadim injoinb zindagi mekunand. Qadimtarin aholii in diyor qabilahoi finshchiho, khurriho va digar budand. Dar hazorai 4—2 to melod dar masohati Lubnon yakchand shahr-davlathoi Finikiya: Bibl (hozira Jubayl), Tir (hozi­ra Sur), Sidon (hozira Saydo), Ve­rit (hozira Beyrut) va gayra tashkil shu­dand. Dar ahdi firavni Misr Tutmosi III (solhoi 1525—1473 to melod hukm rondaast) masohati Lubnon ba Misr dokhil karda shud.

Shahr-davlathoi Finiqiyaro Oshur, Bobuliston, davlati Hakhomanishiyoni fors, Iskandari Maqduni va digar davlatho zabt karda budand. Soli 64 to melod masohati Lubnon ba muzofoti Suriyai Rim, badtar ba hayati imperiyai Vizantiya dokhil karda shud. Arabho Lubnonpo dar asri 7 zabt kardand, aholii mamlakat zaboni arabi va qismi ziyodi on dini islomro qabul kard. Asrhoi 8—9 dar Lubnoni Kuhiston payravoni yak qator mazhabi nasroni, az jumla maroniho sokin shudand. A. I dar Lubnon talimoti mazhabi shiai druzho pahn gardid. Salibdoron okhirhoi asri 11 Lubnonro zabt karda, bo dastgirii maroniyoni olimansab chandin amorathoi feodali barpo kardand. Onho okhirhoi asri 18 az Lubnon ronda shudand.

Lubnon dar asri 13 ibtidoi asri 16 tobei mamlukhoi Misr bud. Okhiri asri 15 ibtidoi asri 16 dar zaminai jamoathoi druz va maroni dar Lubnoni Kuhiston amorati mukhtori Lubnon tashkil shud. Soli 1516 masohat. Lubnon ba sifati yak qismi Suriya ba hayati imperiyai Usmoniya dokhil karda shud. Okhiri asri 18 — ibtidoi asri 19 munosibathoi moliyu puli inki­shof yoftand. Avvalin manufakturaho ba vujud omadand. Siyosati markazonidani Lubnon guzaronida meshud.

Dar davrai islohothoi imperiyai Usmoniya (1839 — avalhoi solhoi 70-um) dar Lubnon niz chandin islohot guzaronida shud. Solhoi 1841, 1845, 1860 bay­ni druzhoyu maroniho nizovu nifoq, ruy dod. Hukumati Turkiya az in vaziyat istifoda burda kushish kard, ki hokimiyati khudro dar Lubnon barqaror namoyad. Dar natijai muqobilati aholi va mudokhilai davlathoi Evropa ba Lubnon ba andozae mukhtoriyat doda shud. On ba du muzofot — druzi va maroni taqsim shud, ki dar natija zulmu istibdodi feodalho afzud.

Parchami Lubnon

Soli 1859 dehqononi Kesruana bar ziddi feodalho shurish bardoshtand. Solhoi 1860—1861 bo bahonai hifzi aholii nasroni Qushunhoi Faronsa mamlakatro zabt kardand. Iyuni 1861 komissiyai baynalkhalqi (dar hayati Faronsa, Britaniyai Kabir, Avstriya, Prussiya, Rossiya, imperiyai Usmoniya) nizomnomai Lubnonro kor karda baromadand (az hamin davra mamlakat rasman Lubnon nom girift), ki muvofiqi on dar masohati Lubnoni Kuhiston Lubnoni yagona va mukhtor elon gardid. Imtiyozhoi feodaloni Lubnon bekor va dar Lubnon joygir kardani qushunhoi Turkiya man karda shud. Az okhirhoi solhoi 50-umi asri 19 Lubnon ba yake az markazhoi ilmu marifati arab, bad ba markazi Harakati millii ozodikhohona tab­dil yoft.

Lubnon dar asrhoi 19-20 hamchun juzi imperiyai Usmoniya ba nimmustamlikai davlathoi Evropai Garbi tab­dil yoft. Dar davrai Jangi yakumi jahonii 1914—1918 Turkiya mukhtoriyati Lubnonro bekor kard. Oktyabri 1918 qushunhoi Angliyayu Faronsa Lubnonro zabt kardand. Sentyabri 1920 hukumati Faronsa dar zeri vakolati khud barpo gardidani davlati «Lubnoni Buzurg»-ro elon namuda, nohiyahoi musulmonnishinro ba masohati Lubnoni Kuhiston ham roh kard. Khalqi Lub­non bar ziddi mustamlikadoroni faronsavi faolona muboriza burd. Soli 1924 kommunistoni Lubnon va Su­riya Partiyai Kommunistii Suriya (PKS)-ro barpo namudand.

Dar ibtidoi Jangi duyumi jahonii 1939— 1945 dar Lubnon holati garbi elon va parlament parokanda karda shud; faoliyati Partiyai kommunisti niz man gardid. Badi taslim shudani Faronsa mohi iyuni 1940 Lubnon amalan dar zeri nazorati komissiyai mutorakai Italiyayu Germaniya mond. Qismhoi harbii «Faronsai ozod» va qushunhoi Angliya 8 iyuni 1941 ba masohati Lubnon daromadand. Sarfarmondehi qushunhoi Faronsa general Katru bekor shudani vakolati Faronsaro elon kard. Vay 26 noyabri 1941 izhorotro doir ba Lubnon dodani istiqloliyat tasdiq namud. Hamin tavr 22 noyabri 1943 Hukumati qonunii Lubnon barpo gardid.

In ruz hamchun idi millii Lubnon Ruzi istiqloliyat jashn girifta me­shavad. Dar hamon vaqt bayni capdoroni jamoahoi nasroni va musulmon muohidai milli basta shud, ki on sistemai konfessionaliro mustahkam namud. Muvofiqi in muohidai milli hokimiyatro dar bayni sardoroni jamoahoi musulmon va nasroni taqsim namudand (bo imtiyozi nasroniyon). Lubnon az avgusti 1944 bo ittihodi Shuravi munosibathoi diplomati do­rad. Marti 1945 Lubnon dar tashkil namudani Ligai mamlakathoi arab ishtirok kard. Khudi hamon sol Lubnon azoi TDM shud.

Lubnoniho ” class=”size-full wp-image-74707″ height=”374″ id=”attachment_74707″ src=”http://kitobam.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/ Lubnoniho .jpg” width=”750″> Surati Lubnoniho

Imperializmi Faronsa kushish mekard, ki badi jang qushunhoi khudro az khoki Lubnon nabarorad. Harakati muqobilat bar ziddi istilogaron cap shud. Bri­taniyai Kabir va Faronsa majbur shudand qushunhoi khudro barorand. Qushunhoi okhirin 31 dekabri 1946 az Lubnon baromadand. Barqaror shudani istiqloliyati milli ba inkishofi iqtisodiyoti mamlakat musoidat kard. Hukumat chandin korkhonahoi shirkathoi khorijiro kharida girifta milli kunonid.

Dar rohi istifoda burdani zakhirahoi tabii choraho dida shud. Ammo monopolpyahoi khoriji dar iqsodiyoti Lubnon mavqei mustahkam doshtand. Kapitali IMA toraft beshtar ba Lubnon dokhil meshud. Mehnatkashon talab kardand, ki sha­roiti zindagoni behtar, siyosati dokhili va khoriji demokrati kunonida shavad. Dar in muboriza Partiyai Kommunistii Lubnon, ki soli 1944 hamchun partiyai mustaqil tashakkul yof­ta az soli 1948 dar holati gayrilegali bud, faolona ishtirok kard.

Solhoi 1948—1949 Lubnon dar jangi Misru Isroil ishtirok karda, hamrohi mamlakathoi digari arab ba shartnomai mutoraqa bo Isroil (23 marti 1949) imzo kard. Hukumat soli 1951 javoban ba talabi ommai khalq taklifi davlat­hoi imperialistiro dar khususi ba ittifoqhoi harbi ishtirok namudani Lubnonro rad kard. Ammo Komil Shamun, ki soli 1952 prezident intikhob shud, bar khilofi vadahoi pesh az intikhobot dodaash rohi bo Gapb nazdikshaviro pesh girift.

Dar davrai tajovuzi Angliya, Faronsa va Isroil bar ziddi Misr bo hukumathoi ishtirokchiyoni tajovuz munosibatro nakand. Mohi marti 1957 Lubnon «Doktrinai Eyzenkhauer»-ro qabul kard. Avvali 1958 Fronti muttahidai milli tashkil shud, vay talab kard, ki siyosati mustaqilonai dokhili va khoriji ba amal barovarda shavad. Quvvahoi taraqqiparvar kushish mekardand, ki Lubnon dar harakati millii ozodikhohonai khalqhoi arab faolona ishtirok kunad, ammo sardoroni jamoai nasroni ba in zid budand. Mohi may 1958 korpartoii umumii siyosi cap shuda, ba Jangi grajdani tabdil yoft.

Tajovuzi Amerika ba Lubnon iyuli 1958 cap shud, ki tashabbuskori on Shamun bud. Sentyabri 1968 badi prezident shudand general Fuod Shahob zadukhurd khotima yoft. R. Karoma sardori hukumati nav shud. Hukumati Karoma izhor namud, ki on bo «Dokorinai Eyzenkhauer» hej yak aloqa nadorad va siyosati betaraf budan, ba blokho hamroh nashudan asosi siyosati khorijiash meboshad.

Kharitai Lubnon

Oktyabri 1958 qushunhoi amerikoi az khoki Lubnon barovarda shudand. Jangi grajdanii 1958 inikosi buhroni sistemai konfessionali va bunyodi siyosii hukumat bud. Prezident Fuod Shahob ba artish takya namuda islohotho guzaronid (1958—1964), ki zotan ruyaki buda, dar sistemai siyosii mamlakat ba tagyiri jiddi ovarda narasonid. Dar davomi solhoi 60-um va nimai 1-umi solhoi 70-um dar mamlakat harakati demokrati boz avj girifta, bo sardorii K. Jumbulot — sarvari Partiyai progressivii sotsialisti bloqi quvvahoi taraqqiparvarii milli tashakkul yoft.

Tashkilothoi Harakati mudobilati Falastin az soli 1968 dar masohati Lubnon amal mekunand. Quvvahoi nasroniyoni rost (partiyai Kataib, partiyai millii liberali va gayra) bar ziddi dar Lubnon vujud doshtani Harakati muqobilati Falastin Saromadand va in bud, ki soli 1969 zadukhurdi yaroqnok ba amal omad. Pas az on ki noyabri 1969 dar Qohira bayni Lubnon va Tashkiloti ozodkunandai Falastin muohida basta shud, buhroni tezutundi siyosii mamlakat khotima yoft. Mai 1973 farmondehii armiyai Lubnon bo rizoiyati prezi­dent S. Franje (1970—1976) boz ba muqobili harakati muqobilati Falastin jang cap kard.

Apreli 1975 quvvahoi nasroniyoni rost bo dastgirii davlathoi imperialisti, Isroil va quvvahoi irtijoip arob bo maqsadi torumor namudani Harakati muqobilati Falastin va ittifoqchni on — quvvahoi taraqqiparvari milli dar Lubnon janjoli kalon khezondand. Blo­ki partiyahoi nasroniyoni rost ba maqsadi khud narasida, ogahoro az rui alomati dini taqsim kardani mamlakatro talab kardand. Avgusti 1975 quvvahoi taraqqiparvari milli programmai islohoti demokratiro peshnhod kardand, ki on ba barham dodani sistemai konfessioiali ravona karda shuda bud.

Yanvar— marti 1976 dar armiyai Lubnon ikhtilof ba vujud omad. Doirahoi muayyani harbi bo dastgirii aksariyati deputathoi parlament marti 1976 kushish kardand, ki prezident Franje pesh az muhlat ba istefo baroyad, ammo in kushish baror nagirift. Iyuni 1976 ba Lubnon qushunhoi Suriya dokhil shudand. Quvvahoi nasroniyoni rost avgusti 1976 badi muhosirai yakunim moha lageri dar Bey­rut voqe gardidai falastiniho — Tall-Zatarro ishgol kardand. I. Sarkis sentyabri 1976 prezident tain shud. Oktyabri 1976 dar Arriyoz va Qohira mashvarati sardoroni davlathoi arab guzaronida shud va pas az on mojaroi yaroqnoki Lubnon khotima yoft.

Iqtisodiyot:  Majmui mahsuloti dokhilii Lubnon dar soli 2016-um mablagi 86 milliard dollari IMA-ro tashkil kard (GDP (purchasing power parity)). Xojagii qishloq va sanoatp Lubnon chandon ta­raqqi nakardaand. Lekin sistemai moliyu bank va doirai khizmatrasonii on khele inkishof yoftaast va az 2/z hissai daromadi millii mamla­katro tashkil mekunad. Tahkursii iqtisodiyoti Lubnonro sektori khususi tashkil medihad. Aksariyati korkhonahoi on fabrikavu zavodhoi khurdand. Sanoati madani kuhi niz az korkhonahoi khurd iborat ast; madani ohanu angishti bur istikhroj va asfalt istehsol mekunand. Korkhonahoi istehsoli mahsuloti neft tobei kapitali khoriji meboshand. Sanoati sement taraqqi mekunad. Kopxonahoi metallurgi, korkardi metall va khimiyavi sokhtand. Bofandagi az sohahoi qadimtarini mamlakat mebo­shad. Az korkhonahoi sanoati khurokvori zavodhoi qand beshtar inkishof yoftaand. Lubnon hissai aholi zamin na­dorad va onro az zamindoroni kalon ijora megirand.

Shaklan asosii istifodabarii zamin choryakkorist. Az galladona gandum, jav, az lubiyoiho nask, nakhudi dashti, nut va gayra kisht meshavad. Bogdori (seb, mevai sitrusi, zaytun va banan) va tokdori taraqqi kardaast. Lablabui qand va tamoku niz parvarish meshavad. Kuhho charogoh nadorand. Binobar on baroi parvarishi gov imkoniyat nest. Buzu gusfand va murg meparvarand, mohigiri rivoj yoftaast. Naqliyoti asosi — avtomobil. Tuli rohi avtomobilgard 6,5 hazor metr. Beyrut — bandari kaloni bahri va aviatsioni. Solhoi 1966—67 bayni Lubnon, Ittihodi shuravi va digar mamlakathoi sotsialisti aloqai havoi ba roh monda shud. Lubnon ba khorija mevai sitrusi, seb, pashm, nakhi pakhta, pust, sement barovarda, az khorija moshin va tajhizot, masnuoti metalli, chub, khurokvori, chorvo mekharad. Vohidi pulash — funti lubnoni (100 funti lubnoni = 22 sumu 18 tini soveti, yanvari 1979).  Vohidi puliash – Funti Lubnoni dar soli 2017 meboshad va qurbash taqriban  barobari 1500 LBP  = 1 dollari IMA ast.

Partiyahoi siyosi va ittifoqhoi kasaba:  Kataib («Falangahoi Lub­non»). Hamchun partiya az soli 1943 amal mekunad. Partiyai asosii blo­ki quvvahoi rosti nasroni «Fron­ti Lubnon» (FL). Partiyai millii liberali. Tasisash soli 1958. Ba FL dokhil ast. Bloki milli. Tasisash soli 1943. Parti­yai taraqqiparvari sosi­alisti. Tasisash soli 1949. Par­tiyai millii ijtimoi. Ta­sisash soli 1932. Harakati nosirchiyoni mustaqil. Tasisash soli 1971. Tashkiloti amaliyoti kommunistii Lubnon. Tasisash soli 1971. Partpyai tajaddudi sotsialistii arab (Baas). Tasisash soli 1950. Parti­yai Kommunisti Lubnon (Tasisash soli 1924). Federatsiyai umumii ittifoqhoi kasabai korgaron va khizmatchiyoni Lubnon.

Matbuot, radio, televianon: Solhoi okhiri asri 20 dar mamlakat nomgui ziyodi matbuoti davri ba zabonhoi arabi, fransavi, anglisi va armani nashr meshud. Gazetahoi asosi ba zaboni arabi: «Al-Amol» (tasisash 1039), organi partiyai Kataib «Al-Anvor» (1959), «Al-Muharrir» (1902), «An-Nahor» (1933), «An-Nido» (1959), «As-Safir» (1974) va g. Ba zaboni anglnsi: «Deyli star» (1952), ba zaboni fransavi: «Orian-Jur» (1971). Jurnalhoi asosi: «Al-Havodis», «As-Sayyod», «Al-Usou-al-Arabi», «Al-Khurriya» va gayra. Na kam az 5 radiostansiya dorad, ki barnomahoi khudro ba zabonhoi arabi, fransavi, anglisi, armani meshunavonad. Dar mamlakat 2 shirkati telovizion kor mekunad.

Adabiyot:  Asri 19 dar adabiyoti Lubnon, ba monandi on ki dar adabiyoti Misr, Surin va digar mamlakathoi arab bud, rohhoi marifatparvari pahn gardida, harakati ehyoi madaniyati arab tashakkul yoft. Ideologhoi in harakat marifatparvaron Nasif-al-Yaziji (1800—71), Butrus al-Bustoni (1819—83), Ahmad Foris ash-Shidyoq (1804—87) va digar budand. Dar nimai 2-yumi asri 19 — ibtidoi asri 20 dar adabiyoti Lubnon goyahoi marifatparvari va ziddifeodali mavqei muayyanro ishgol kardand. Dar arafai Jangi yakumi jahoni adabiyoti Lubnon ba davrai navi taraqqiyoti khud dokhil shud: uslubi romantizm va realizmi tanqidi shakl giriftand. Dar asarhoi tanqidi tasiri V. G. Belinskiy baralo zohir meshud.

Umar Fakhuri, Tavfiq Yusuf Avvod (majmuai hikoyaho az hayoti kambagalon «Pisaraki lang», 1936, romani vatanparvaronai «Nots», 1939), Karam Malham (romanhoi «Silkasal», 1936, «Faryodi dardu alam») va digar navisandagonu shoiron dar inkishofi realistonai adabiyoti Lubnon sahmi arzanda guzoshtand.

Dar davrai Jangi duyumi jahonii 1939—45 va pas az jang navisandagoni peshqadami Lubnon dar atrofi jurnali ijtimoiyu siyosii «At-Tariq» («Roh»), ki asosguzoroni on Umar Fakhuri, Antuan Tabet va Rayf al-Huri meboshand, jam omadand. Tarjuma va ommavi gardonidani asarhoi M. Gorkiy. M. A. Sholokhov, I. G. Orenburg, K. M. Simonov va digar navisandagoni soveti, inchunin asarhoi muallifoni taraqqiparvari Evropai Garbi va Amerika dar hayoti madanii Lubnon joi namoyonro ishgol kardaand. Muboriza bar ziddi fashizm, mustamlikadori, tanqidi beadolatii ijtimoi mavzui asosii publisistika va adabiyoti badeii Lubnon gardil.

Majmuai hikoyahoi «Pakanaho— bahoduron» (1948) va «Siyohi dar rui kogaz»-i (1957) navisanda va filolog Morun Abbud ba ahvoli vaznini fallohon va qismati javononi Lubnon bakhshida shudaast. Protesshoi murakkabi hayoti ijtimoi va siyosii mamlakathoi arab dar povesthoi «Kohinoni ibodatgoh» (1952) va «Ubaydi tavono»-i (1955) Jorj Khanna inikos gardidaast. Qahramononi novellahoi Muhammad Dikrub (majmuai «Kuchai daroz», 1954) asosan namoyandagoni sinfi korgarand. Shoir Radian ash-Shakhkhal soli 1950 dostoni «Lenin»-ro ofarid.

Dar solhoi 60-um ba adabiyoti Lubnon Muhammad Antoni, Hasan Kanafoni, Eduard Bustoni va digar omadand, ki nasri onho ba masalahoi ijtimoi va siyosii hakiqati hozirai mamlakat, inchunin ba masalahoi muboriza bar ziddi imperializm, tajovuzi Isroil nigaronida shudaast.