QALAM

QALAM (ar kilk), nai taroshidaro guyand, ki bo on khat menavisand. Ba manoi vaseash Q. gufta milaero menomand, ki az angisht, qurgoshim, grafit va rangi khushk tayyor karda meshavad. Namunahoi on, ki az shtifthoi filizi, qurgoshim va nuqragin iboratand, dar a-hoi 12—16 istifoda meshudand. Dar a. 14 ba istiloh Q.-i italiyavi paydo shud, ki az gili siyohi varaqsang sokhta shuda bud. Az a. 16 Q.-hoi grafiti va Q.-hoe, ki az khokai ustukhoni sukhta va shireshi rastani sokhta shuda budand, mamul gardidand. S. 1790 Q-hoi chubinro olimi fransavi N. Kant ikhtiro kard. Dar ayni zamon ikhtirokori chekh Y. Gartmurt milhoi az omekhtai grafita kufta va gil tayyorkardaro peshnihod namud, ki on asosi istehsoli tekhnologiyai Q.-i muosirro tashkil medihad. Q.-i mekhaniki yo avtomati dar nimai a. 19 ba vujud omada, dar a. 20 vase pahn gardid. Az rui khususiyati navisht va tekhnologiyai istehsol Q-ro ba grafiti (siyoh), ranga, nuskhabardori va g.; az rui tainotashoya maktabi, kanselyari, naqshakashi, rasmkashi, duredgari, pardozi, retushi (bo qalam isloh kardani surathoi fotografi) va nishonaguzor judo mekunand.

Dar SSSR Q.-hoi grafitii naqshakashii darajai sakhtiashon gunogun istehsol meshavand; darajai durushti bo harfi M — (myagkiy) narm, (tverdiy) sakht va MT (sredney tvyordosti) nimsakht va bo raqami pesh az harf omada ishora meshavad.

Raqami kalon darajai kaloni sakhti « narmiro ifoda mekunad. Q.-hoi yavtomatii du-chor yo yakchandmila niz istehsol karda meshvvand- Nig. niz Kilk, Khoma.