KhUROSON

KhUROSON, muzofoti mamuriest dar qismi shimol sharqi Eroni hozira. Masohat 313,3 hazor km². Aholiash 3,1 mln nafar (1975); asosan forsho, tojikon, afgonho, kurdho va turkmanho. Markazi mamuriash shahri Mashhad. Shahrhoi kalantarinash: Sabzavor, Nishopur, Kuchan, Turbati Hay­dariya, Birjand, Bojnurd. Dar shimol Xuroson qatorkuhhoi Khuroson, dar bayni onho vodii Kuchanu Mashhad, dar qismi sharqiash kuhhoi Eroni Sharqi, dar janub va janub garbiash Dashti Kavir va Dashti Lut voqe gashtaand. Iqlimash garm. Mashguliyati asosii aholiash dehqonist. Dar Xuroson beshtar gandum, jav, pakhta, tamoku, lablabui qand, zagir mekorand. Bogu tok­dori niz rivoj yoftaast. Chorvodorii kuchi (khususan gusfandparvari) dar iqtisodiyoti Xuroson joi namoyonro ishgol mekunad. Korkhonahoi sanoati khurokvori, pakhtatozakuni, bofandagi va charmgari dorad. Qo­linbofi rivoj yoftaast. Xuroson pashm, pust, pusti qarokuli, qolin va maviz eksport mekunad. Rohi ohani Mashhad – Tehron az Xuroson meguzarad.

Xuroson dar zamoni qadim va asrhoi miyona viloyati kaloni tarikhie buda, qismi shimol sharqii Eron, shimol garbii Afgoniston va qismi markaziyu janubi RSS Turkmanistoni hoziraro dar bar megirift. Marv, Nishonu, Balkh, Hirot, Tus, Mashhad, Sarakhs, Sabzavor, Abevard, Niso muhimtarin shahrhoi Xuroson ba shumor meraftand. Nomi Xuroson (Khvarason) aa davrai Sosoniyon (asrhoi 3—7) malum ast. Khurosonro dar miyonai asri  7 arabho zabt kardand va voligii Khurosoni Khilofati arab tashkil yoft. Xuroson dar asri 9 ba hayati davlathoi Tohiriyon, Safforiyon va Somoniyon dokhil shud. Dar ahdi Somoniyon (874—999) Xuroson chun  Movarounnahr yake az nohiyahoi mutaraqqi ba shumor rafta, dar on khojagii qishloq, konkobi va hunarmandi ba poyai balandi rivoju rav­naq rasidaand. Dar viloyathoi Niso va Abevard gallakori va bogdori, dar vohai Marv pakhtakori, dar viloyati Hirot boshad, tokdori khele rivoj yofta bud. Kuhhoi Xuroson az sarvathoi tabii khele boy budand. Dar viloyati Nishopur firuza, dar atrofi Nishopur ohan, mis va nuqra, dar Marv mis, dar Balkh — margimush istikhroj mekardand. Taraqqiyoti khojagin qishloq va konkobi boisi ravnaqi hunarmandi (khususan bofandagi) gardid. Matohoi «poybof», «mulham» zanboft shuhrati kalon doshtand. Inchunin ravgankashi, ordkashi, shishasozi , zargari, ohangari taraqqi kardand.

Dar davrai hukmronii Somoniyon savdoi dokhili va khoriji avj girift. Ba Khitoy, Hinduston, Kavkaz, mamlakathoii Osiyoi Pesh, Janubi Sharqii Evropa az Balkh pust, sobun, kunjit, birinj, chormagz, bodom, maviz, mis, az Marv parcha, borpushi pakhtagin va abreshimin, az Nishopur matohoi gunogun, libosi pakhtagin, suzan, kord, ohan, az Niso va Abe­vard libosi pakhtagin va abreshimin, abreshim, ravgani kunjit va gayra meburdand. Xuroson ba yake az markazhoi ilmu madaniyat tabdil yoft, aholii on dar tashakkuli khalqiyathoi fors, to­jik va afgon roli kalon bozid. Xuroson zodgohi Abulqosim Firdavsi va yak zumra olimon, shoironu navisandagoni marufu mashhuri tojiku fors ast. Badi barham khurdani davlati Somoniyon az ibtidoi asri 11 Xuroson zerdasti Gaznaviyon, Saljuqiyon, Khorazmshohiyon shud. Solhoi 1220 va 1223 Khurosonro lashkari Chingizkhon ishgol kard va shahrhoyashro ba kharobazor tabdil doda, qismi ziyodi aholiashro ba halokat rasond. Xuroson mavqei peshtaraashro gum kard. Dar asri 14 nohiyahoi garbii Xuroson markazi shurishi Sarbadoron gardidand. Asrhoi 14—15  Khurosonro Temur ba tasarrufi khud darovard. Dar zamoni Temuriyon madaniyati Xuroson boz ru ba taraqqi nihod. Shahri Hirot ba markazi kaloni tamadduni Sharq tabdil yoft. Abdurrahmoni Jomi, Alisheri Navoi, Kamoluddin Behzod, Sultonalii Mashhadi va digaron dar Xuroson zindagi va ejod kardaand. Xuroson solhoi 1510—1736 tobei Safaviyon gardid. Badtar yak qismi Xuroson (viloyathoi Hirot va Balkh) ba Afgoniston, qismi digarash (viloyati Mashhad) ba Eron va qismi seyumash (viloyati Marvu qismi shimolii kuhhoi Kopegdog) ba Turkmaniston dokhil shud.

Ad.:       Gafurov B. F., Tojikon, Tarikhi qadimtarin, qadim va asri miyona, j. 1, D., 1983; Bartold V. V., Istoriko — geograficheskiy ob­zor Irana, Soch.. t. 7, M., 1971; Hegmatov N. N., Gosudarstvo Samanidov, D., 1977.    N. N. Nematov.