KhORAZM

KhORAZM viloyati tarikhi  va davlati qadimi Osiyoi Miyona, ki dar poyonobi d. Amu voqe bud. Dar katibai Besutun va Avesto dar qatori viloyathoi qadimtarini Osiyoi Miyona va Eron Xorazm niz nom burda shudaast. Bino ba malumoti Istakhri  va Muqaddasi , Xorazm az yakchand shahrhoi kalon, az qabili Dargon, Kardankhash, Kurdor, Zamahshar, Hazorsap, Khushpisan, Ardakhushmisan, Safardiz, Ruzvand, Zariand, Madamisan, Jigarband va g. iborat bud. Ekspedisiyai arkheologiyu etnografii Khorazm bo rohbarii S. P. Tolstov dar territoriyai Xorazm yodgorihoi mutaalliqi davrai neolitro dar Jonbozqala, Qabotqala, Chakalak, Oqchadaryo,  Burli va g. kashf kardand, ki onho az madaniyati Kaltamanor va boshishgohhoi sayyodon va mohigironi mansub ba hazorahoi 4—3 to m. darak medihand. Dar hazorai 2 to m. dar davrai eneolit va asri birinji , ki bo nomi madaniyati Tozabogob va madaniyati Suyargon mashhur bud, kaltamanoriho ba ziroat va chorvodori  mashgul meshudand. Dar asrhoi minbada dar Xorazm sokhtani inshoothoi obi , kanalhoi irrigasioni  va g. ba rivoj yoftani iqtisodiyoti on musoidat kard. Dar okh. hazorai 2 to m. madaniyati mahalli  tashakkul yoft va asrhoi 7—6 to m. khorazmiyon, ki onro muarrikhi yunoni  Sgrabon ba khalqi sakoiyu massagetho mansub medonist, sardorii qabilahoi kaloni Osiyoi Miyona va Eroni Sharqiro ba uhda doshtand. Xorazm dar miyonai a. 6 to m. ba hayati davlati Hakhomanishiyon dokhil shuda bud. Muvofiqi malumoti Gerodot on yakjoya bo Oriyo, Port va Sugd satrapii 16-umi davlati Hakhomanishiniyonro tashkil mekard va ba forsho 300 talant (vohidi vazn va pul) andoz medod. Dar ahdi Ardasheri II Xorazm ba satrapii alohida judo shuda, dar davrai yurishi Iskandari Maqduni ba Osiyoi Miyona allakay davlati mustaqil bud. Muarrikhi yunoni Arian qayd mekunad, ki bahori 328 to m. shohi Xorazm  Farasman baroi guftushunid bo Iskandar            hamrohi 1500 savoraash ba qarorgohi u—Bokhtar omadaast. Dar asrhoi 4—3 to m. iqdtisodiyotu madaniyati Xorazm ru ba taraqqi menihad. Dar in davra inshoothoi obyori sokhta meshudand, hunarmandi ravnaq meyoft, shahrhoi nav bunyod meshud (Bozorqala, Jonbozqala) va sanat taraqqi mekard. Dar okh. hazorai 1 to m. ba madaniyati Xorazm tasiri qdabilahoi bodiyanishn mushohida meshud. Dar asrhoi  2—1 to m. dar Xorazm digargunii siyosi ba amal meoyad, ki boisi tanazzuli iqtisodiyoti on meshavad. Muvofiqi malumoti bozyofthoi arkheologi Khorazmro yujihoe, ki az janub bo Kushoniyon omada budand, zabt karda, ba sikka zadani tangahoi shabehi Evkratid shuru namudand va masohati Khorazmro ba shimol to bahri Kaspiy va bahri Siyoh rasonidand va bo sarmatho hamroh shuda, kheshi barqapop namudand. Yujiho bo ziroatkoron, hunarmandoni muhimi Xorazm omekhta shudand va baroi ravnaqi mamlakat kushishi ziyod namudand. Vazamor — avvalin shohi onho bo Khitoy, Khinduston, Kushoniyonu portho va g. aloqahoi tijorati va madani barqaror namud. Dar ahdi u muomiloti puli dar shahru rustoho rivoj yoft, dar bozorhoi Xorazm tangahoi kushoni paydo shudand. Xorazm dar a. 1 m. ba hayati davlati Kushoniyon dokhil gardid va yakchand vaqt dar zeri tasiri shohoni sosoni niz monda bud. Dar in davra dar Xorazm bisyor shahrho qalaho sokhta shudand, ki onho devorhoi gafsu balandi duqabata doshtand. Dar devorhoi qalahoi davrai to kushoni manorahoi chorkunja va bad az kushoni manorahoi doyrashakl sokhta meshudand. Shahrhoi Khorazmi davrai atiqa burjhoi rost doshtand, devorhoyashon baland va duqabata budand. Dar dokhili shahr qasri hokimon vujud dosht, ki vay bo mujassamayu musavvarahoi barjastayu rangorang oro doda meshud ( Tuproqqala, Qalai qir). Bozyofthoi arkheologii Quyqirilganqala, Tuproqqala, az jumla katibahoi rui chub, pust, muhr va sikkai tangaho ba on shahodat medihand, ki dar a. 3 m. dar Xorazm munosibathoi gulomdori vujud dosht. Bozyofthoi mazkur hamchunin sobit namudand, ki khati khorazmiyoni qadim oromiasos, khudi onho eroninajodand. Dar baze yodgorihoi arkheologi otashkada, mabad va g. kashf shudand, ki onho yodgorihoi zardushtiya budaand. Dar Tuproqqala va baze dig. boshishgohhoi qadimai Xorazm porchahoi mujassamahoi gilinu gajin, naqshu nigorhoi rui devor niz yoft shudand. Haykalhoi bo sanati baland ejodshudai Tuproqqala asosan dar se khonai qasri Khorazmshohiyon yoft shudaand, ki S. P. Tolstov onhoro shartan «tolori shohon», «tolori zafar», «tolori askaron» nomida bud. «Tolori shohon» az majmui haykalho iboratand. Dar «tolori zafar» taqr. hamon mujassamaho takror meshavand. «Tolori askaron» mujassamahoi askaron va naqshu nigori zebo dorad. Musavvaraho va mujassamahoi Tuproqqala ba a. 3 taalluq doshta, dar baze khonahoi istiqomati va mamurii qasri Khorazmshohiyon boqi mondaand. Dar suratho naqshu nigori muqarrari va manzarahoi hayoti ba ham zichu pechonda aks yoftaand. Dar devorhoi khonaho porchahoi gunoguni surati babr, asp, parrandaho, mohi va odamon yoft shudaand. Naqshhoi ornamentali (nabototiyu geometri) boshad, az gulu barg, chanbaraho, panjaragulho, khushagulho, khushahoi angur, doiraho, pechaho, khathoi rangorangi rostu mavjnok tarkib yoftaand. Bo vujudi on ki in naqshu nigorho faqat ba shakli porchahoi alohidai tagi kharobaho, yo khud ba shakli doghoi noravshan dastras shudaand, dar onho osori. kompozisiyahoi kalonu ajoibro niz mushohida kardan mumkin ast. Mas., dar yake az khonahoi oshyonai 2-yum porchahoi rangai surati navozandagon yoft shud. Dar bayni in suratho yak rasmi khele nafisu mavzuni zani udnavoze hast, ki dar dast udi koloni sekunja dorad. Dar khonai digar rasmi zani digare paydo shud, ki ba peshdomanash anguru shaftolu megundorad va dar boloi sarash khushahoi angur ovezonand.

Porchahoi mujassamayu musavvarahoi Tuproqqala az inkishofi sanati balandi tasvirii Xorazm shahodat medihand. Bino ba malumoti Aburayhoni Beruni s. 305 m. shoh Afrig (asosguzori sulolai Afrigiho) sohibi takhti shohii Xorazm shuda, Qiyotro ba poytakhti khud tabdil dodaast. Beruni zimni naqli on 21 shohi in khonadonro nombar kardaast. Az asrhoioi 2—6 cap karda dar Xorazm munosibathoi feodali rivoj yofta, madaniyati navi afrita ba vujud omad. Qasru qalahoi bisyor sokhta shudaand, ki onho bo devorhoi gafsu baland pechonida shuda budand. Qalaho rostkunjayu chorkunja va dar burjhoyashon manorahoi zugutashakl doshtand. Dar miyonhoi qala odatan kushkhoi duoshyona va tolori kalon (mehmonkhona) doshtand, ki onhoro khonahoi mayda ihota menamudand. Devorho asosan az pokhsa va qisman sinjdor sokhta meshudand. Bomhoi khonaho takht, gunbazi va toqdor budand. Dar khonahoi khojagi va istiqomatii Teshiqqala, ki ba asrhoi 6—8 taalluq dorand, porchahoi matohoi pakhtagi, pashmi, chigit yoft shud, ki onho dar borai vujud doshtani pakhtakori va bofandagi guvohi medihand. Muvofiqi inguna bozyofthoi arkheologi, khorazmiyon dar in davr gandum, jav, sholi, nakhud, juvori, mosh niz kisht mekardaand, zardolu, shaftolu, olu meparvaridaand. Tokparvari rivoj doshtaast. Kishtukori khelhoi gunoguni kharbuza va kadu vujud doshtaast. Dar khojagii khorazmiyon chorvodori niz mavqei muhim ishgol mekard. Onho gusfand, buz, asp, ushtur, khuk, murg meparvaridand. Ba gayr az bofandagi kuloli, ohangari, zargari va digar namudhoi hunarmandi niz rivoj yofta budand. Zargaroni Xorazm az tillo, nuqra va sanghoi qimatbaho zevarot (dastpona, angushtarin, gushvora va g.) tayyor mekardand. Dar bisyor yodgorihoi arkheologi (khususan dar Quyqirilganqala) novus va ustadonhoi ziyode yoft shudand. Khorazmro s. 711 arabho zabt namuda boshand ham, to a. 10 dar Qiyot namoyandagoni khonadoni afrigiho hukmroni mekardand. Hatto dar hayati davlati Somoniyon Xorazm to yak daraja mustaqiliyati khudro gayurona nigoh medosht. S. 996 hokimi Khorazmi Shimoli Mamun ibni Muhammad jan. Khoramzro (markazash sh. Qiyot) ba mulkl khud hamroh namuda, unvoni khorazmshohro az afrigiho girift va sh. Urganjro poytakhti davlati khud elon kard. Dar ahdi u Urganj ba yake az markazhoi buzurgi ilmu marifat va madaniyat mubaddal shud.Dar in davr, khususan dar solhoi hukmronii u dar Urganj olimoni mashhur Abuali ibni Sino, Aburayhoni Beruni, Abusahli Masehi (shoir va faylasuf), Abulkhayri Khummor,  (tabib) Abunasr ibni Iroq (matematik), Abubakr Muhammadi Khorazmi, Abusaidi Shabibi va dig. Zindagi va ejod kardaand.

S. 1017 Khorazmro Mahmudi Gaznavi, asri II-nimai yakumi a. 12 Saljqiyon zabt namudand. Dar davrai Malikshohi Saljuqi yake az amaldoroni u Anushtegin s. 1077 hokimi Xorazm shuda, ba sulolai navi Khorazmshohiyoni Buzurg asos guzosht. Pisari u Qutbuddin Muhammad (hukmr. 1007— 1127) harchand sohibi unvoni khorazmshoh shuda boshad ham, dar asl volii Saljuqiyon hisob meshud. Pisari Qutbuddin Otsiz (hukmr. 1127 —56) va vorisoni u Elarslon (hukmr. 1156—72) va Alouddin Takash (hukmr. 1172—1200) bo Saljuqiyon muborizai duru daroz burda, Khorazmro dar okhir ba davlati mustaqil tabdil dodand. Dar ahdi pisari Takash Alouddin Muhammadi Khorazmshoh (1200—20) Xorazm ba yake az davlathoi muqtadir mubaddal gardid. U bo qarakidoniyon janghoi bisyor karda, Movarounnahr va Afgonistonro zabt namud. Sarhadi dalvati Khorazmshohiyon az sohilhoi shimoli bahri Kaspiy to khaliji Fors va az kuhhoi Kavkaz to ba kuhhoi Hindukush rasid. Tojironi Khorazm dar Mugulistonu Khitoy, Tibetu Hinduston, mamlakathoi Shaqri nazdik va shahrhoi rusu povorjiya savdo mekardagi shudand. Dar in davra dar Urganj yakqator binohhoi boshukuh sokhta shudand. Badi fojiai Utror qushunhoi Chingizkhon ba Khorazm zada daromadand. Muhammad Khorazmshoh be muqobiliyat ba yak jazirai bahri Kaspiy gurekht. Hokimi Khujand Temurmalik, pisari Khorazmshoh Jaloluddini Manguberdi bar ziddi mugulon sakht muqobiliyat nishon dodand. Soli 1921 mugulon Urganjro zabt va vayron namudand, dehqononu hunarmandonro qir namudand yo ba komi khoki khud burdand. Savdogaronu ruhoniyon ba davlathoi musulmoni firor namudand. Dar ahdi Alouddin Muhammad qabilahoi turkzabon dar muzofothoi Khorazm ziyod shudand. Bo hamai on buzurgi davlati Khorazmshohiyon az dokhil sust bud. Avjgirii istismori feodali, irtijoparastii feodalho, fitnahoi darboriyon va shurishhoi khalqi iqtidori davlatro sust kard. Ba hamin sabab solhoi 1219-21 dar muboriza bar ziddi istilogaroni mugul (nig.Istiloi mugul), istodagari karda natavonista, davlati Khorazmshohiyoni buzurg sarnagun shud. Va Khorazm ba du qism judo gardid. Qismi janubiyash bo shahri Qiyot ba olusi Chagatoy va qismi shimoliyash yakjoya bo sh.Urganj ba hayati Oltinurda hamroh karda shud. Dar avvalhoi  solhoi 60 a. 14 az nizohoi dokhilii Oltinurda istifoda burda, Khorazmi Shimoli mustaqil gardid va sulolai Sufiro (az qabilai Qungurot) ruyi kor barovard. Husayni Sufi baroi Khorazmi Shimoli va Janubiro muttahid kardan shahrhoi Qiyot va Khevaro zabt namud. Lekin s. 1388 amir Temur Khorazmro ba davlati khud hamroh namuda, markazi on sh. Urganjro ba zamin yakson kard va ba oli Sufi khotima dod. S. 1505 Khorazmro Shaybonikhon zabt kard. S. 1512 hokimiyat dar Xorazm ba dasti sulolai uzbekii avlodi Juji guzasht. Hukmronii namoyandagoni in khonadon to s-hoi 1694—95 davom kard. Dar nimai duyumi a. 16 daryoi Amu dar nazdi Urganj jarayoni khudro digar karda, nahri onro beob mond va sokinoni shahr majbur shudand, ki dar joi digar (dar nazdi sh. Kheva) nahri nave kofta, shahri nav — Urganji navro bino kunand. Urganji Qadima boshad, dar miyonai a. 17 allakay ba kharobazor tabdil yofta bud, ki onro khorazmiyon Kuhna Urganj nom meburdand. Dar ahdi Abulgozi (1645—63) markazi Xorazm shahri Kheva shud va binobar in dar adabiyothoi rusi va evropoi davlati Xorazm khonii Kheva nom girift. Lekin dar istilohi mahalli in khoni monandi peshtara «davlati Khorazm» nom burda meshud.

Ad.: Trudi Khorezmskoy arkheologo-etnograficheskoy ekspedisii, tt. I—I. M., 1952—1979; Materiali Khorezmskoy arkheologo-etnograficheskoy         ekspedisii, v. 1—10, M., 1959—75; Istoriya tadjikskogo naroda, tt. 1—2 (ki. 1), M.. 1963— 64- Istoriya Uzbekskoy SSR, t. 1. Tashkent, 1967; Gafurov B. G., Tadjiki. Drevneyshaya, drevnyaya i srednevekovaya istoriya. M.,            1972; Istoriya Khorezma s drevneyshikh vremen do nashikh dney, Tashkent, 1976. A. Chililoe.