KhONA

KhONA, istiqomatgoh, manzil, makonest, ki odamon dar on hayot ba cap mebarand. Xona bo mururi zamon az gor, zaminkan, chayla, kamar to ba binohoi seroshyonai hozirazamon rasid. Namudhoi Xona ba sharoiti tabiiyu geografi, khususiyati munosibathoi  ijtimoii jamiyat, iqtisodiyot, darajai hayoti moddiyu manavi, ananahoi millii odamon vobastaand.

Dar asri sang odamoni jamoai  ibtidoi gor, kamar, zaminkan, chaylaro ba sifati istiqomatgoh istifoda meburdaand. Barobari ba hayoti muqimi guzashtani odamon namudhoi Xona niz tagyir yoftand. Az davrai neolit cap karda odamon az sang, loy, khishti khom, chub manzil mesokhtagi shudaand.

Dar Osiyoi Miyona, az jumla hududi imruzai Tojikiston az davrahoi qadim nakhustin imoratho — binohoi kaloni yakkhongii jamiyati yo yakchand binoho budand, ki dar atrofi yak havli joy doshtand. Shakli ha­mai binoho girda va dar mobayn hatman otashdone bud. Namunai in guna bnno Khonai chubkorii kozashakli madaniyati Kaltamapor (dar Turk­maniston, hazorai 4 to m.) bud, ki qarib 300 m² vusat dosht va dar on ziyoda az 100 kas zindagi mekard. Dar miyonajoi on otashdoni asosi va dar atrofash otashdonhoi khurdtari har oila joy doshtand. Dertar az khishti khom binohoi iqomati bunyod mekardagi shudand. Devori daruni onhoro bo ranghoi surkh, sihu zard zi­nat doda, bar on naqshhoi handasi sabt menamudand.

Hayoti muqimii ziroatkoron ba sokhti manzil tasir rasond. Azbaski gili zard farovon bud, masolehi asosii binokori khishti khomu pokhsa gardid.

Khonai namudi qadimtarin az yak hujrai rostkunja iborat bud. Dari daromad dar yak kunji devori pesh joygir meshud. Ravshani az surokhii boloi dar (ravzai) voridi hujra megardid. Dar qismi poyonii on dahlez bud. Dar dahlez obrez, otashdon va muri joygir meshudand. Dar mobayni devori bari peshkah baroi sanduqu kurpaho takhmon mesokhtand. Dertar tarhi Xona tagyir yoft. Aknun hujraho az dahlez bo devori makhsus judo mekardand. Khonaho bo kandakorii rui chub, gaj, naqqoshi oro do­da meshudand.

Dar okh. a. 19— avv. a. 20 asosan du kheli Xona— manzili tojikoni vodinishin va tojikoni kuhiston vujud doshtaand. Onho az rui sokhtashon farq mekardand. Havlii tojikoni qismi garbii Fargona, Uroteppa, Samarqand, Bukhoro asosan az du qism — berun va darun iborat bud. Dar havlii berun darvozakhona, mehmonkhona dukon joy megirift. Odatan devori binohoro dar boloi tahkursii sangiyu tahsinj az  khishtu pokhsa mebardoshtand. Dar yak qator mahalho baroi mustahkam shudani imorat dar qatabi devor sinj meguzoshtand. Az boloi devor peshu aqib bolosinj partofta sipas bolorhoro kundalang mekhobonidand. Miqdori bolorho mamulan toq (haftbolori, nuhbolori) meshud. Bad vassa chi­da boloyashro bo buryoyu alaf yo nay pushonida loi gafs (guruba) mekhobonidand. Sipas bo kohgil andova menamudand.

Khonahoi tojikoni vodii Hisor va Kulob az Khonahoi tojikoni nohiyahoi shimoli Tojikiston kame farq mekardand. Onho du khel budand: binoi duhujragii dar mobayn dolondor va oddii yakhujrador. Har dui onho peshayvon doshtand. Devorro aksaran az pokhsa mebardoshtand. Dar mobayni hujra chahdon bud, ki dar on otash meafrukhtand. Dud az su­rokhii saqfi khona (muri) berun meraft.

Dar kuhistoni Tojikiston se namudi Xona mamul bud. Namudi avval dar boloobi daryoi Zarafshon duchor meomad. Dar qismi boloobi Zarafshon Khonahoi yakhujrador, dar poyonob istiqomatgohi duhujragi va bisyorhujragii dar mobaynash ayvondor rivoj yoftaand. Bisyorii Khonaho mehmonkhona doshtand. Sutunu dari on­ho kandakori meshudaand. Namudi duyumi Xona dar hududi Qaroteginu Vakhiyo duchor meoyad. Xona dar in jo murabbashakl buda, dar mobaynash az darun baroi nigoh doshtani bom sutun dosht. Qarib tamomi farshi hujraro  ba juz masohati khurdi nazdi dar taqr. 1 m baland bardoshta bo gil meandokhtand, ki onro dukon meguftand. Dar labi dukon otashdon mesokhtand. Dud az dar yo surokhii saqf (ruzan) berun meraft.

Namudi seyumi Xona dar kuhistoni Badakhshon pahn shuda bud. Khonahoi in jo az se qism —chand (hujra), darundalizd (dahlez) va pekhvoz (ay­von) iborat bud. Ba sababi sakhtii iqlim har se qismi Xona ba yak bom pushida meshud, ki dar natija vusati on to ba 100 m² merasid. Bomi chid ba panj sutuni mustahkam takya mekard. Girdogirdi chid sufa bar­doshta, peshi onhoro andak chuqur memondand, ki on poygah meshud. Dar yak tarafi chid kisor mesokh­tand va onro chun otashdonu tanur istifoda me burdand. Bomi chid av­val to du tir, ki sinji saqf bud, pushida shuda boloi tirro bo si­pokhch (bolorho) mebastand, boloi sipokhch kalandak (vassa) meguzoshtand. Boloi sipokhch paloch (guli qimich) rekhta, bad onro bo khok yo gilmola mustahkam mekardand. Dar mobayni saqfi chid ruzan memondand.

Dar solhoi Hokimiyatn Soveti madaniyati moddi, az jumla Khonahoi tojikon tagyir yoft. Holo joi binohoi tangu tiraro imorathoi doroi daru tirezai zamonavi, farshu shifti takhtagini bomash shiferpush giriftaand. Dar rabothoi markazi va mahallii kolkhozhoyu sovkhozho binohoi zamonavii yak yo yakchand oshyonador bunyod megardand.

Ad.: Narodi Srodney Azii i Kazakh­stana. t. 1. M., 1962; Tadjiki Karate- gina i Sarvaza, v. 11, D., 1970.

Ya. Tursupoo.