KhITOY

KhITOY, Chin, Respublikai Khalqii Khitoy, Resspublikai Khalqii Khitoy, davlatest dar Osiyoi Markazi va Sharqi. Az sharq bo bahrhoi Zard, Sharqi Khitoy va Janubi Khitoy ihota shudaast. Qad-qadi sohil jazirahoi sershumor (kalontarinashon jazirahoi Tayvan va Khaynan) mavjudand. Masohatash 9,6           mln km². Az jihati miqdori aholi kalontarin mamlakati jahon meboshad—1046,39 mln nafar. (1985); taqriban 1/5 qismi aholi dar shahrho istiqomat mekunand; aholii Xitoy sermillat (besh az 50 khalqiyat) ast. 94% aholi khitoiho (khan) buda, boqimonda khueyho, uygurho, manjurho, iszu, tibetiho, bui, myao va gayra.

Zaboii rasmi — khitoi. Dindoron asosan ba buddoiya, daosiya va konfusiychigi etiqod dorand. Qarib 90% aholi dar nohiyahoi sharqii mamlakat istiqomat mekunand. Vohidhoi mamuriyu territoriyavii Xitoy: 22 muzofot, 5 rayoni avtonomi, 3 shahri tobei markaz — Pekin (poytakhti Xitoy), Shankhay, Tyanszin. Organi olii hokimiyati davlati — Majlisi umumikhitoii namoyapdagoni khalq (MUNKh; deputathoi muzofotho, rayonhoi avtonomi, shahrhoi tobei markaz va armiya). Organi doimoamalkunandai MUNKh Komiteti doimi meboshad.

Qismi janubu garbii mamlakatro asosan kuhsori Tibet (balandii miyonaash 4500 m) ishgol kardaast. Kuhsori Tibetro silsilai kuhii Himoloy (balandiash to 8848 m, qatorkuhi Jomolungma), Qaroqurum, Kunlun va kuhhoi Nanshan, Sinoyu Tibet ihota kardaand. Dar garb va shimolu garb hamvorihoi vasei Koshgar, Jungariya, Alashan va kuhhoi Tiyonshoni Sharqi mavjudand. Qismi sharqii mamlakat na on qadar baland ast; dar shimolu sharq kuhhoi Manjuriyayu Koreya, Khingani Kalon va Khingani Khurd, dar havzai daryoi Sungari hamvoriho mavjudand. Janubtar az vodii daryoi Yanmzi pushtakuhhoi lyossi, hamvorii Buzurgi Khitoy, dar janub kuhsori Nanlin, Yunnan-Guychjou voqe gashtaand. Iqlimi Xitoy dar garb kontinentist, dar sharq beshtar mussoni. Harorati miyonai yanvar az — 24°S (dar shimol) to 18°S (dar jaiub), iyul muvofiqai 20— 28°S. Borishoti solona dar, janubu sharq to 2500 mm, dar shimolu garb 50 mm. Daryohoi hamvorihoi garbi mamlakat kamoband va aksari onho tobiston khushk meshavand. Dar sharqi mamlakat daryohoi purob va purtugyon bisyorand. Daryohoi asosi: Yanszs, Khuankhe, Sungari, Siszyan. Dar shimolu garb biyoboni Takla-Makon. dar shimol yak qismi biyoboni Gobi joy giriftaand. Qarib 8% maydoni Xitoy beshazor ast. Xitoy dar mintaqahoi mutadid, subtropiki va tropiki voqe gashtaast.

Dar asri 14 to melod dar Khitoi Qadim davlati ibtidoii gulomdorii In tashkil yofta bud. Dar asri 11 to melod. Inro qabilai Chjou zabt kard. Davlati Chjou dar asrhoi 7—6 to melo ba chand shohigarii mustaqil judo shud. Okhiri asri 3 dar Xitoy avvalin Imperiyai mutamarkazi Sin ba vujud omad, sipas ba joi on imperiyai Han (206 to melo—220 m.) tashkil shud. Dar asrhoi 3—6 Khitoyi feodali ba chand davlathoi mustaqil judo shud. Okhiri asri 6 mamlakatro sulolai Suy boz muttahid namud. Dar davrai hukmronii sulolai Tan (618—907) jangi dehqonon (874—901) sar zad. Dar asri 12 ba shimoli Khitoy qabilahoi kuchmanchii chjurchjen omadand. Dar nimai duyumi asri 13 Khitoyro mugulho zabt kardand (nigared Istiloi mugul). Dar natijai muborizai khalq soli 1368 asorati mugul barham khurd. Dar okhiri khukmronii sulolai Min (1368— 1644) jangi dehqonon (1628—45) ruy dod. Baroi pakhsh kardani in jang feodalhoi Khitoy az knyazhoi manjuri madad talabidand. Manjurho dar Khitoy hukumati khudro barpo namudand (sulolai onho Sin dar Khitoy solhoi 1644— 1911 hukmron budand). Miyonai asri 19 ba muqobili Khitoy tajovuzi mamlakathoi kapitalisti sar shud. Dar natijai yak qator jangho Khitoy majbur shud, ki ba shartnomahoi nobarobarhuquq imzo kunad. ShMA, Fransiya va Angliya dar jangi dehqonii taypinho (1850—64) ba Sinho yori rasondand. Az solhoi 70 asri 19 sar karda dar Khitoy kapitalizm inkishof yoft. Intervensiyai mamlakathoi khorija purzur shud. Dar natija okhiri asri 19 mamlakat ba qismho judo shud, shurishi Ikhetuan (1899—1901) pakhsh gardid va gayra. Dar avvali asri 20 Xitoy ba nimmustamlika tabdil yoft. Dar mamlakat harakati revolyusioni bo rohbarii Sun Yatsen ogoz yoft. Revolyusiyai Sinkhay (1911—13) sulolai Sinro sarnagun namud, vale jabru zulmi feodaliyu imlerialistiro barham nadod. Tahti tasiri Revolyutsiyai  Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr dar Khitoy harakati ziddiimperialisti va ziddi feodali vusat girmft. Soli 1921 Partiyai kommunistii Khitoy (PKKh) tashkil gardid. Soli 1925 revolyusiyai milli (mazmunan revolyutsiyai burjuazn-demokrati) sar shud; soli 1927 quvvahoi demokrati muvaqqatan shikast khurdand va dar Partiyai kommunistii Khitoy davlati gomindanchiyon barpo gardid, ki manfiati pomeshikon va burjuaziyaro himoya mekard. Boqimondahoi qushunhoi revolyusioni ba nohiyahoi durdast rafta tahti rohbarii Partiyai kommunistii Khitoy korhoi revolyusioniro davom medodand. Soli 1931 Yaponiya shimolu sharqi Khitoyro zabt namud va soli 1937 bo maqsadi zabt kardani tamomi Khitoy jang sar kard. SSSR ba khalqi Khitoy yorii hamatarafa rasond. Soli 1945 az tarafi Armiyai Soveti torumor gardidani armiyai Kvantun va ozod shudani shimolu sharqii Xitoy baroi muborizai quvvahoi