KhIMIYa

KhIMIYa, ilmest, ki tabdili moddaho, tagyiri tarkib va sokhti onhoro meomuzad. Tarikhi paydoishi istilohi «khimiya» chandon malum nest. Bino ba aqidai aksar tadqiqotchiyon, khimiya az nomi qadimai Misr — Khemiya (az «khem» yo «kheme» — siyoh girifta shuda, ilmi «sarzamnni siyoh», (ilmi «Misr»-ro ifoda mekunad) ba vujud omadaast.

Ximiya bo yak qator ilmhoi digar (fizika, biologiya, geologiya, geokhimiya, biokhimiya, geobiokhimiya va gayra) va hamai sohahoi khojagii qishloq sakht aloqamand ast. Ximiya ba du qismi asosi (khimiyai noorganiki va khimiyai organiki) judo meshavad. Paydoish va taraqqiyoti khimiya tarikhi bisyorsola dorad. Dar Misr, Khitoy, Hinduston va digar mamlakatho metallhoi ranga (badtar metallhoi siyoh), rangubor, shisha va gayra istehsol menamudaad. Aholii Misr, Yunon, Rim va gayra moddahoi az tabiati zinda va gayrizinda hosilkarda (masalan, sulfur, simob, sulfati mis, karbonati ohan va gayra)-ro chun doruvor istifoda meburdand. Asrhoi 3—4 m. kimiyo ba vujud omad. Kimiyogarho solhoi ziyod ba justujui kibriti ahmar, «obi hayot» va gayra mashgul budand. Onho bisyor moddahoro kashf karda, jarayoni reaksiyahoi khimiyaviro omukhta, dar tashakkuli khimiya sahmi arzanda guzoshtand. Dar inkishofi khimiya sahmi olimoni tojiku fors — Zakariyoi Rozi, Aburayhoni Beruni, Abualii Sino va digar arzanda ast. Az davrai ehyo sar karda, dar natijai taraqqiyoti istehsolot dar kimiyo sohahoi amalii khimiya (metallurgiya, shishagari istehsoli safol, rangubor) rivoj yoftand. Badtar yagrokhimiya ba vujud omad. Nimai duyumi asri 17 olimi irlandi R. Boyl nodurustii tasavvuroti kimyogaronro oid ba elementi khimiyavi isbot vamud va avvalin shuda, mafhumi ilmii elementi khimiyaviro peshnihod kard. Az nimai duyumi asri 19 sar karda, dar khimiya tahlili sifati va tahlili miqdori rivoj yoft. Soli 1748 M. V. Lomonosov qonuni baqoi massaro kashf namud. Minbad qonuni ekvivalenthoi Rikhter (1792 —1802), qonuni nisbathoi doimii Prust (1799—1806) qonuni karatii Dalton (1802—08), qonunhoi GeyLyussak (1805—08) va Avogadro (1811), qonuni izomorfizmi Mitcherlikh (1818—19), qonuni garmigunjoishi khosi Dyulong va Pti (1819) va gayra kashf shudand. Dar davomi 60 soli asri 19 du mafhumi asosii khimiya — vazni atom va valentnoki yo «atomnoki» ba amal omad. Oid ba sokhti moddahoi organiki nazariyahoi nakhustin — nazariyai radikalho va nazariyai navho ba vujud omadand. Soli 1861 A. M. Butlerov nazariyai sokhti khimiyaviro peshnihod namud. Soli 1869 D. I. Mendeleev sistemai davrii elementhoro tartib dod. Badtar u dar zaminai in sistema qonunero kashf kard, ki Qonuni davrii Mendeleev nom dorad. Dar taraqqiyoti khimiya hissai digar olimoni rus va soveti N. O. Zelinskiy, V. V. Markovnikov, N. N. Zinin, A. N. Bakh, S. N. Kurnakov, N. N. Semenov, A. N. Nesmeyanov, P. A. Rebinder va digaron niz kalon ast. Az miyonai asri 20 sar karda, dar barobari usulhoi klassikii muayyan namudani tarkibu sokhti moddaho usuli vositahoi fizikiyu matematikiro niz vase istifoda mebarand.
Dar Tojikiston bid ba sohahoi gunotuni khimiya dar Instituti khimiyai Akademiyai Fanhoi RSS Tojikiston, kafedrahoi khimiyai Universiteti Davlatii Tojikiston va Instituti tibbii Tojikiston va digar maktabhoi olii respublika tadqiqot mebarand. Dar inkishofi RSS Tojikiston sahmi V. I. Nyakitin, P. M. Solojenkin, E. U. Numonov, I. D. Glukhov, S. S. Sobirov, 3. A. Rumyanseva, J. J. Ikromi, A. A. Vahobov, D. N. Pochojonov va digaron. arzanda ast.
Adabiyot: Nekrasov B. v., Osiovi obshey khimii, ch. 1—2, Moskva, 1973; Djua M., Istoriya khimii Moskva, 1975; Bikov G. V., Istoriya organicheskoy khimii, Moskva. 1975; Manolov K., Velikie khimiki, tom 1— 2, M., 1976; Glinka N. L., Obshaya khimiya, L., 1976; Azimov A.. Kratkaya istoriya khimii, Moskva, 1983. M. Samiev.