KhILOFATI ARAB

KhILOFATI ARAB, sistemai teokratni (nigared Teokratiya) musulmoni, inchunin nomi dar adabiyoti ilmi mamuli davlati musulmonii arabro guyand, ki sardorash khalifa bud. Dar asri 7 ba vujud omada, asri 8 badi az tarafi arabho istilo shudani kishvarhoi Sharqi Nazdiku Miyona va Afrikai shimoli masohati on boz ham vasetar gardid. Asosi Xilofati arabro jamoai musulmonie (umma) tashkil mekard, ki onro Muhammad dar Arabistoni Garbi tasis doda bud. Xilofati arab asosan ba se davra (davrai khulafoi Roshidin, Umaviyon va Abbosiyon) taqsim meshavad.

Solhoi 632—656 shahri Madina ba poytakhti Xilofati arab tabdil yoft. Dar akhdi Abubakr (hukmroni 632—634) shurishhoi qabilaqoi arab pakhn karda shudand va istiloi mulkhoi Rumu (Vizantiya) Sosoniyon ogoz yoft. Dar davrai avvali istiloi arab Iroq, qarib tamomi Eron, qismi ziyodi Zakavkaziya, Suriya, Falastin va Misr ba hayati Xilofati arab hamroh karda shudand. Solhoi 40—50 asri 7 dar rafti zabtkorihoi beruni dar bayni arabho ba tabaqaho judoshavi vusat yoft. Ikhtilofoti bayni arabhoi qatoriyu ashrofoni qabilavi, inchunin guruhhoi gunoguni ayonu ashrofi arab tezutund gardid. Dar ahdi Umaviyon (671—750) dar amal ba davlati dunyavi tabdil yoft. Tartiboti Umaviyon sharoiti zindagii ommai khalqro behtar nakard va az ruzi avvali ba sari khilofat omadani onho guruhhoi gunoguni ijtimoi ziddi Umaviyon barkhostand. Dar natijai shurishi Abumuslim soli 750 Abbosiyon ba sari hokimiyat omadand. Abbosiyon ba takht nishasta sokhti ijtimoii Xilofati arab va khususiyati dunyovii onro tagyir nadodand. Harchand Abbosiyon khudro imom shumorand ham, vale sokhti davlatii onho na teokratiya, balki tarzi davlatdorii Sosoniyon bud. Dar akhdi Abbosiyon dar hududi Xilofati arab, az jumla Eronu Osiyoi Miyona va Kaokao harakathoi khalqi avj giriftand. Dehqononi in nohiyaho zeri zulmi dutarafa (az yak taraf hokimoni arab, az tarafi digar feodaloni mahalli) mondand. Soli 755 bo rohbarii Sumbodi Mug dar Nishopuru Ray shurish sar zad, ki on 70 ruz davom kard. Dar bayni shurishhoi khalqi Isyoni M uqanna kalontarin bud.
Xilofati arab dar ibtidoi saltanati Abbosiyon ba zinahoi balandi mutamarkaziyati siyosi va taraqqiyoti quvvahoi istehsolkunanda rasid. Az ibtidoi asri 9 boshad, dar mamlakat inqirozi siyosi ogoz yoft. Dar natija yakchand dashlathoi mustaqili feodali va amorathoi mahalli, ba monandi Tuluniyon, Alaviyon, Tohiriyon, Safforiyon, Somoniyon tashkil yoftand. Nimai yakumi asri 10 ba joi Xilofati arab davlathoi mustaqili khilofati Fotimiyon (909—1171), khilofati Umaviyon (929 —1031) va khilofati Abbosiyon ba vujud omadand. Khalifahoi fotimi va umavi ham hokimiyati dini va ham dunyavyaro dar dasti khud nigoh medoshtand, khalifai abbosi boshad, badi Bagdodro istilo kardani oli Buya hatto dar khudi Bagdod ham az hokimiyati dunyavi mahrum gardid. Soli 1055 dar Bagdod ba joi oli Buya Saljuqiyon omadand. Az soli 945 to soli 1132 dar ikhtiyori khalifa hoi abbosi tanho hokimiyati ruhoni (imomat) boqi mondu bas. Badi parbkandashavii davlatii Saljuqiyon (1118) dar natijai muborizai khalifahoi arab bo sultonhoi sal juqii Iroq khilofati Abbosiyon dar havzai daryoi Dajla va Furot hamchun davlat az nav tashkil yoft. Khalifa Nosir (hukmroni 1160—1225) Khuzistonro niz ba hayati khilofat hamroh namuda, ba muqobili Khorazmshohiyon muboriza burd. Soli 1258 badi Bagdodro zabt kardani qushunhoi mugul bo sardorii Halokukhon va qatli khalifai okhirin Mutasim Xilofati arab chun davlat barham khurd. Chand sol badtar baroi barqaror namudani hokimiyati ruhonii khalifahoi abbosi kushishe karda shud: soli 1261 yake az namoyandahoi sulolai Abbosiyonro dar nazdi borgohi sultoni mamluki Misr khalifa elon kardand.
Az hayon vaqt sar karda to Misrro istilo namudani turkho (1517) khalifahoi abbosy harchand hokimiyati siyosi nadoshtand, dar Qohira dar darbori sultonhoi mamluk zista, tavassuti mavqei mazhabii khud etibori hukumati dunyavii sultonhoi Misr va bazan sultonhoi mamlakathoi digari musulmoiiro baland mebardoshtand. Dertar sultonhoi turk niz khudro khalifa nomida, bo on vosita isbot kardani meshudand, ki guyo namoyandan okhirini Abbosiyon dar Qohira ba onho in unvonro dodaast. Khilofati Turkiya soli 1924 dar Turkiyai respublikavi barham doda shud.
Adabiyot: Bartold V. V.. Khalif i sultan, Sochinenie, tom 6, Moskva, 1966; Belyaev E. A.. Arabi, islam, i arabskiy khalifat v rannie sryodnevekove, 2-izdatelstvo, Moskva, 1966;
Bosvort K. E„ Musulmanskie dinastii, Moskva 1971. G. Goibov.