FONEMA

FONEMA (az yunoni rhonema—ovoz), khurdtarin vohidi ovozii zabon ast, ki ba juzhoi pai ham judo nameshavad va metavonad ba sifati simoi ovozii vohidhoi manodor — morfema, kalima istifoda gardad. Mafhumi fonema dar zaboshninosi bo maqsadi az khususiyathoi tavlidiyu akustikii ovozhoi nutq judo kardani vazifahoi onho — imkoniyati ba vositai ovozho farq kunonidani kalima va shaklhoi on (vazifai maiofarqkuni) istifoda meshavad. Goho dar yak muhiti fonotiki fonema dar shakli du ovozi barobarhuquqe, ki ba tagyiri manoi kalima yakdigarro ivaz karda metavonand, zohir meshavad (masalan, hamsadohoi j va j dar zaboni tojiki: jola — jola, kajdum — kajdum). In ovozho tobishhoi ozod (fakultativi) nomida meshavand.
Fonema doroi du nishona meboshad: nishonai fonemagi (diferensiali), ki baroi farq kardani fonemahoi yagon zabon istifoda meshavand va tobishi (integrali).
Misoli nishonahoi fonemagi dahoni budani tarzi talaffuzi fonemahoi b va d shuda metavonad, zero in nishona ovozhoi mazkurro az hamsadohoi dimogii m va n farq mekunonad. Baroi nishonahoi tobishi bejarangii hamsadoi q-i tojikiro misol ovardan mumkin ast. In hamsado dar zaboni tojiki jufti jarangnok nadorad va az hamin ru nishonai jarangnokiyu bejarangi baroi q arzishi fonologi nadorad.
L. Zinder, T. Khaskashev.