FIZIKAI ZARRAHOI ELEMENTARI

FIZIKAI ZARRAHOI ELEMENTARI, yak sohai fizikaro nomand, ki paydoish, tasiri mutaqobil, tagyir va tabdili zarraqoi elementarii materiyaro meomuzad. Fizikahoi zarrahoi elementari na tanho dar fizika, balki umuman dar ilmi muosir mavqei khos dorad, zero mafhumu qonunhoi asosii on bunyodi manzarai ilmii olamro tashkil medihand.

Tarikhi navini tadqiqi zarrahoi elementari solhoi 50, vaqte ki suratfizohoi zarrahoi zaryadnok ikhtiro shudand, ogoz gardid. Tavassuti onho antiproton (1956), antineytroi (1956), -giperon (1964), I/Ψ- zarra (1974), -lepton (1975), avvalin zarrahoi «malehi» D°, D+ va gayra. (1976), -zarra (1977) va niqoyat W+, W—, Z°-bozihoi vektorii mobayni (1983) kashf shudand. Solhoi 1974—84 boshad, tarkibi murakkabi adronho (zarrahoe, ki dar tasiri mutaqobili zur ishtirok mekunand) oshkor shud: onho az kvarkho iborat budand. Hamai 6 navi kvarkho va antizarrahoi onho na dar shakli ozod, balki dar tarkibi zarrahoi komili onho, masalan, mezonho, kashf gardidand. Sababi dar holati ozod vonakhurdani kvarlshoro khromodinamikai kvanti maishdod mekunad: gap dar sari on ast, ki tasiri mutaqobili onho, bar khilofi tasiri mutaqobili zarrahoi yadroi, ba qadri afzudani masofa sust nameshavad.

Istilohi «zarrahoi elementari» dar fizikai muosir na ba manoi aslii khud, yane «zarrahoi bunyodi», balki odatan ba sifati nomi yak guruh zarrahoe istifoda meshavad, ki onho dar marhalai imruzai inkishofi Fizikahoi zarrahoi elementari atom yo yadroi atom nestand (ba istisnoi progon, ki yadroi atomi gidrogen ast). Aslan mafhumi mazkur ba yak hisob shartist, zero hanuz yagon meyori aniqi elementariyat vujud nadorad va agar vujud medosht qam, onro vobasta ba zinai muayyani donishi fiziki sharh dodan lozim meomad.

To kunun Fizikahoi zarrahoi elementari sadho zarraro kashf kardaast. Vale alhol sobit shudaast, ki jamei zarraqoi malum az chand zarrai asosi tarkib yoftaand.

Sababi ba sifati zarrahoi haqiqatan elementari pazirufta shudani leptonho va kvarkho taqsimnashavandagi va bunyoni daruni nadoshtani onhost. Aslan miqdori zarrahoe, ki onhoro haqiqatan elementari khondan shoyad, ba 34 merasad: 15 kvark, 6 lepton, 8 glyuon (homili tasiri mutaqobili kvarkho), 3 bozoni mobayni, higgson (bozoni gumonzad, ki vujudi onro olimi anglis R. U. Higgs peshgui kardaast) va foton.

Bino ba kashfiyoti navin, miyoni leptonho va kvarkho niz robitai dutarafai fiziki hast: onho ba yaqdigar tabdil yofta metavonand. Az in ru, ehtimol meravad, ki leptonho va kvarkho «khishtho»-i okhirini materiya nabuda, balki khud az zarrahoi maydatar va asositar (preonho yo protokvarkho) iboratand.

Zarrahoi malumi elementari bagoyat kammassa (masalan, baroi protonu neytroya m= 1,6·10—²⁴ g, elektron 9·10^—28 g) va khurdandoza (protonu neytronu adronhoi digar – 10¹³ elektronu myuon —10¹⁶ sm) meboshand.

Yake az asositarin khosiyati zarraho tagyiryobandagii kullii anhost. Hangomi barkhurdi zarrahoi elementari onho ba yaqdigar tabdil meyoband va niz bisyor zarrahoi navi ilovagi paydo meshavadd (tabdilu tavlidi zarraho mutobiqal ba qonunhoi baqo ba amal meoyad).

Dar olami zarraho tasiroti mutaqobili zur, sust va elektromagniti amal mekunand. Dar masofahoi ~10³³ sm (ba istiloh darozii planki) boshad, tasiri mutaqobili gravitasioni niz nufuz paydo mekunad, ki dar qolabi qonunhoi mekhanikai kvanti jarayon megirad.

Alhol fizikho az pai tatbiqi matematikii goyae shudaand, ki yagonagii botinii chahor navi tasiri mutaqobilro talqin mekunad. Holo aniq shudaast, ki ba qadri khele afzudani harorat navhoi gunoguni tasiri mutaqobil muttahid meshavand va dar hududi muayyan har chori onho ba yak tasiri mutaqobil tabdil meyoband: dar harorati ~10¹⁵ K (yo energiyai 10² gigaelektronvolt) tasiroti sust va elektromagniti muttahid meshavand (tasiroti mutaqobili elektrosust), dar harorati >10³² K (10¹⁹GeV) tasiroti elektrosust va zur (Vahdati buzurg) va nihoyat dar harorati >10³²K (10¹⁹ GeV) ba joi chor tasiri mutaqobil yak tasiri mutaqobili hamagoni zuhur mekunad.

Azbaski chunin enorgiyahoi az had kalonro dar suratfizoho hosil kardan imkonnopazir ast Fizikahoi zarrahoi elementari Koinot (aniqtarash avvalin lahzahoi tahavvuli on)-ro ozmoishgohi khud qaror medihad. To kunun nazariyati kullii jamei zarraho va tasiroti yagonai onho tahiya nashudaast, vale dar in roh iqdomi buzurge surat paziruftaast.

Dar barobari inkishofi nazariya tokhnika va metodikai eksperimentguzorii Fizikahoi zarrahoi elementari niz ru ba taraqqist. Asbobu afzori ozmoishgarii Fizikahoi zarrahoi elementari az kamerai Vilson to suratfizohoi hozirazamon rohi darozi takomulro tay kard. Alhol sokhtu sozi superkollayderi favqunnoqil (88S) nom suratfizoi puriqtidor tahti barrasist, ki zarrahoro to energiyai 20 TeV (1 TeV =1 trilli- on eV) tezonida, baroi omukhtaii jarayoni tasiri mutaqobili kvarkhoyu glyuonho imkon medihad.

Adabiyot: Komar A. A. Elementarnie chastisi. Fizika mikromira. Malenkaya ensiklopediya, Moskva, 1984; Nambu E., Kvarki, Moskva, 1984; Khuang K., Kvarki,’ leptoni i kalibrovochnie polya, Moskva, 1985.

S. Qodiri.