FIRQA

FIRQA, (arabi—guruh, jamoat), guruhho yo shokhahoi sershumori dini islomro guyapd, ki nisbat ba ruknhoi asosii on dar ikhtilofand. Dar hadise roje ba 73 Firqai islom sukhan meravad. Guyo tamomi firqahoi islom dar natijai ikhtilof bo ahli sunnat va jasmoat ba vujud omadaand.

Jarayoni ba vujud omadani firqahoi islomro bisyor muarrikhon sharh doda meguyand, ki badi margi Muhammad avvalin ikhtilof dar borai abadi yo foni budani hayoti paygambar ba vujud omada bud. Minbad masalahoi joi dafni jasadi Muhammad (Makka yo Madina), imomat, jonishinii paygambar, taqsimi merosi u va gayra ikhtilofhoi tozaro ba miyon ovardand, ki dar natija bo sardorii afrodi dar jamiyat mavqeyu nufuzdoshta va davogari hokimiyat buda firqahoi nav ba vujud amadand. Khususan badi kushta shudani Usmon dar davrai Ali va badi u ikhtilof nihoyat purzur shuda, boisi paydoishi jarayonhoi shia, khorijiya va digar  firqa va mazhabho gardid.

Bino oa aqidai aksari muarrikhoni din va falsafa badi tarjumai adabiyoti ilmiyu falsafii atiqan yunoni va oshnoi bo afkoru ananahoi farhangni toislamii khalqhoi Sharq dar dini islom niz firqahoi gunaguni drroi khususiyathoi falsafiyu ozadandeshi ba vujud omadand. Avval jarayoni jadariya va jabariya ba vujud omad, soni khorijiya ba yakchand dasta judo shud va Vosil ibni Ato (699—748) jarayoni mutaziliyaro ba vujud ovard. Bo hamin usul rofiziya, murjiiya, najjoriya, karromiya, zarodiya, jahmiya va gayra paydo shudand.

Dar adabiyoti diniyu falsafii asrhoi miyona bayni mazhabu firqa farqi kullie vujud nadorad va aksarai ba ham omekhta shudaand. Dar adabiyoti muosir niz aqidahoi gunogun mavjudand. Masalan, baze muhaqqiqoni muosiri Eron mazhabro jahonbinii tome meshumorand, ki az aqidahoi jahonshinosi (jarayoni khalqati odamu olam) va odobu akhloqi shari iborat meboshad. Az in nuqtai naaar tanho dini alohidaro mazhab shumoridan mumkin ast. Bino ba aqidai muhaqqiqi arab Jurulloh firqa tashkiloti doroi barnomayu ustavi muayyane meboshad. I. P. Petrushevskiy firqaro az guruhi dindorone iborat medonad, ki az masalahoi jamoa dast kashida, rohi mustaqilero intikhob kardaand. Dar islomu khorijiyon va ahli shiaro firqa medonad va mutaqid ast, ki mazhabho az ham beshtar dar masalahoi huquqi va ijroi rusumu odoti shari farq mekunand. Az in ru, ba chunin khulosae omadan mumkin ast, ki holo dar adabiyoti diniyu falsafi mafhumhoi firqa, mazhab, jarayon, raviya va gayra ba tavri ilmi tahqiq nashudaand.

M. Khazratqulov.