EYNShTEYN Albert

EYNShTEYN Albert (14 3. 1879, Ulm, Germaniya —18. 4. 1955, Prinston, ShMA), yake az poyaguzoroni tabiatshinosii muosir, muallifi nazariyai nisbiyat va kashfiyothoi nazarie, ki baroi mekhanikai kvanti, fizikai statistiki, kosmologiyai relyativisti va elektronikai kvanti zamina shudaand. Azo-korr. khorijii AF Rossiya (1922) va azoi fakhrii khorijii AF SSSR (1926).

Buzurgtarin komyobii ilmii E. nazariyai relyativistii maqom, zamon va joziba (nig. Nazariyai nisbiyat, Joziba) meboshad, ki s-hoi 1905—16 ejod shudaast; s-hoi- 1917 55 asosan ba problemahoi kosmologiya va nazariyai kullii maydonhoi fiziki shugl varzid.

S-hoi 1916—17 E. nazariyai kvantii afkanishotro inkishof dod. Du natajai zerin az komyobihoi barjastai ilmii ust; avvalin tabiati statistii prosesshoi shuoafkani (va shuofurubari)-ro oshkor namuda, dar zimni in vujud doshtani afkanishi majburii atomhoro peshgui kard (1917), ki holo bunyodi fizikii tekhnikai lazeru mazerro tashkil medihad. Soniyan, ba fizikai nazari ba istiloh koeffisienthoi Eynshteynro dokhil namud, ki ehtimoli guzarishhoi kvantiro dar atomho az tasiri afkanishot ifoda mekunand.

S-hoi 1924—25 E. ba inkishofi nazariyai kvantii gazhoi idealii yakatoma pardokht, ki dar zimni on statistikai Boze (baroi kvanthoi nur) ba gazhoi muqarrari tatbii karda shud. E. khulosa barovard, ki vahdati mavju zarra nisbati gazi muqarrari niz joy dorad; malum shud, ki atomho az ham hej farde nadorand va sababi farqnakunandagii onho dar ayni zamon ham korpuskula (zarra) va ham mavj budani zarrahoi atomist. In khulosa baroi Shredinger dar tahiyai yake az shaklhoi matematikii mekhanikai kvanty zamina shud.

Minbad E. nisbat ba nazariyai kvanti mavqei intiqodiro ishgol namud. Bahsu munozirahoi fizikiyu falsafie, ki miyoni u va N. Bor surat giriftaand, qarib si sol idoma doshtand.

Solhoi okhir umedi E. ba ejodi nazariyai kullii jinsi maydonhoi fiziki guyo dubora zinda shuda ba inkishofi fizikai nazari takoni sakht dod. Aqidahoi bikri E. dar sodai metodologiya, falsafa va tarikhi ilm, psikhologiyai ejodiyoti ilmi va g. niz to kunun ahamiyati khudro gum nakardaand.

Mavqei falsafii E. materialisti bud. E. yake az bunyodguzoroni ba istiloh nahzati paguoshii olimon baroi sulh, yaroqpartoi, amniyati baynalmilali va hamkorii ilmi meboshad.

A. Tursunov.