Davlati Niderland

Niderland (Nederland), Podshhkhii Niderland (nomi  gayrirasmiash Gollandiya), davlat dar Evropai Garbi, az Shimol va Garb sarhadhoi onro bahri Shimoli ihota kardaast. Darozii sarhadi bahrnash 1 hazor km. Dar Niderland bo Belgiya, dar Sharq bo RFG hamsarhad ast. Yak qator jazirahon Antil (Aruba, Kyurasao va dig. dar ikhtiyori Niderland meboshand). Masohatash 36,9 hazor km^a (bo obhoi dokhili 41,2 hazor km²). Aholiash 14,3 mln nafar (1 yanvari1932). Poytakhtash shahri Amsterdam, qarorgohi hukumat — shahri Gaaga. Az jihati mamuri territoriyai Niderland ba muzofotho, muzofotho ba jamoaho taqsim shudaast.

Niderland— davlati shohii konstitutsioni. Sardori davlat — podshoh (az soli 1948 — (malika Yuliana). Az 30 aprpeli 1980 — Beatriks. Hokimiyati qonunbaroriro podshoh (malika) va par­lament — Shtathoi generali, ki az du palata iboratand, idora mekunand. Palatai yakumro shtathoi muzofoti ba muhlati 6 sol, palatai duyumro aholi ba muhlati 4 sol intikhob mekunad.

Tabiat. Niderland dar garbi hamvorii Evropai Miyona voqe gashtaast. Sohilhoyashro khalijhoi tunukob va rezishgohi daryoi Reyn, Maas va Shelda buridaand. Qad-qadi sohili bahr mintaqai regzor tul kashidaast (balandii khomahoi peg to 56 m merasad). Taqriban 40% masohatash az sathi bahr nasttar ast. Nuqtai balandtarin (321 m) dar Janubu Sharq, dar shokhahoi kulhoi Ardenn voqe ast. Dar tarikhi Niderland chandin obkhezihoi halokatovar ruy dodaand (okhirinash 1953).

Qismi sharqii Niderlandro regzorhoi teppador va botloqzorho faro gi- riftaand, Daryohon kalon: Reyn, Maas, Shelda. Sarvatkhoi zerizamini: gazi tabii, neft, angishtsang, namak. Iqlimash mutadili bahri, zud-zud tuman shuda meistad. Harorati miyonai yanvar 2°—3° S, iyul 18^e—19° S. Miqdori borishoti solona 650—700 mm. Qismi ziyodi zaminhoi Niderland az khoki hosilkhezi loyqagi, qismi kamash az khoki chimtoli khokistarii regdor va botloqiyu torfi iborat. 7—8% territoriyaro jangal (darakhtoni tus, buk, safedor, bulut) tashkil medihad. Olami hayvonotash kambagal. Dar regzorho khargushi yoboi, dar jangalho sanjob, zargush, savsor, khaz, khongul vomekhurand. Dar Niderland 180 namudi parranda( qoz, mohikhurak, loykhurak va gayra) hast. B. Shimoli sermohist (shurmohi, ravganmohi. makrel).

Aholi. Aholii asosi gollandiho buda, dar Janubi flamandiho, dar Shimol va jaziraho frizho, inchunin nemisho, yahudiho, indoneziho va digar khalqho zindagi mekunand. Zaboni davlati — niderlandi (gollandi). Aksariyati dindoron katolik buda, boqimonda – asosan protestanthoand. Zichii miyonai aholi dar 1 km² 376 nafar (dar jahon az hama ziyod). 89% aholi shahrnishin. Shahrhoi kalon: Ams­terdam, Rotterdam, Gaaga, Utrekht, Kharlem.

Malumoti tarikhi. Territoriyai Niderlandi hozira az zamonhoi neolit maskani odamon bud. Ehtimol meravad, ki dar in jo dar nimai duyumi hazorai 1 to m. beshtar qabilahoi kelt zindagi mekardaand va dar ibtidoi milod onhoro germaniho az in joyho tang karda barovardaand. Dar asri 1 to melod yak qismi territoriyaro rimiho zabt kardand, ki in ba tashakkuli jamiyati sinfi musoidat kard. Dar asrhoi 3— 4 ba Niderland kuchidani frankhoyu saksho ogoz yoft. Dar asri 5 qismi asosii mamlakat ba hayati davlati frankho dokhil gardid. Dar hududi on dini nasroni va tartiboti feodali jori gardid. Dar asrhoi 10—11 chand mulki mustaqili feodali ba vujud omad va onho vassali «Imperiyai

Rimi muqaddas» budand. Barobari ba vujud omadani shahrho (asri 12) ahamiyati kishtigardi afzud, savdo bo digar mamlakatho vusat yoft, dar shahr hunarmandi taraqqi kard. Ziddiyathoi bayni dehqononu feodalho, hunarmandonu natrisiathoi shahr, tarafdoron va muqobiloni hokimiyati grafho boisi janghoi grajdanii tulonii nimai duyumi asri 14 va asri 15 gardid. Gertsoghoi Burgundiya soli 1433 grafin Gollandiyaro, ki az muborizahoi dokhili zaif gar- dida bud, zabt kardand va dertar yak qator mulkhoi feodalii Niderlandiyaro niz ba dast ovardand. Solhoi 1477—1482 in mulkho ba dasti Gabsburgho guzasht, ki onho solhoi 20—40 asri 16 viloyathoi peshtar mustaqilro niz ba khud tobe namudand. Soli 1548 bo nomi Niderlandho ittihodiyai 17 muzofot tashkil yoft. Soli 1556 Niderlandiyaro Ispaniya tasarruf kard. Zulmu istibdodi hukumatdoroni Ispaniya ba taraqqiyoti iqtisodiyoti Niderlandiya mone shud. Solhoi 60 asri 16 harakati khalqi bar ziddi hukmronii Ispaniya vusat yoft. Soli 1566 Revolyutsiyai burjuazii Niderland ba amal omad va muborizoni on bo ozodikhohon muttahid gardida, bar ziddi hukmronii ispaniho barkhostand. Dar natijai galabai in revo­lyutsiya soli 1581 Respublikai muzofothoi muttahidai Niderland (Zelan­diya, Gollandiya, Utrekht, Geldern, Frislandiya, Groningen va gayra) barpo gardid. In respublikaro Gollandiya niz menomidand. Galabai revolyutsiyai burjuazi ba taraqqiyoti munosibathoi kapitalisti dar Niderlandiya va afzoishi istehsoloti manufakturi musoidat kard. Dar asri 17 asosi iqtisodiyoti Muzofothoi muttahidaro savdoi beruni tashkil medod. 60% kishtihoi bahrii mamlakathoi evropoi az oni onho bud. Gollandiho dar arsai baynalkhalqi tadrijan joi ispaniho va portugalihoro girifta, istiloi mamlakathoi Osiyoi  Sharqi, Amerika va Afrikaro vusat dodand. Soli 1602 Shirkati Ost-Indiya, 1621 Shirkati Vest-Indiya tashkil yoft. Savdogaron besh az pesh boy meshudand, savdo bar zarari sanoati milli inkishof meyoft. Burjuaziyai kaloni Gollan­diya dar mamlakat rejimi behuquqii siyosiro jori namuda, ommahoi khalqro berahmona istismor mekard. In vaziyat korpartonyu khurujkhoi hunarmandon va korgaroni manufak­tura, shurishhoi dehqononro ba amal ovard. Janghoi anglishoyu gollandiho dar asri 17 iqtidori harbiyu siyosi va tijoratiyu iqtisodii Niderlandiyaro ba tanazzul ovardand. Soli 1793, badi on ki Niderlandiya ba Koalitsiyai yakumi ziddi fransavi dokhil shud, Fransiya ba Niderlandiya jang elon kard. Soli 1795 qushunhkhoi Fransiya ba Niderlandiya zer karda daromadand va Respublikai muzofothoi muttahida barham khurd. Dar territoriyai on Respublikai Batav tashkil yoft, ki mutei Fransiya bud. Soli 1806 on ba podshohii Gollandiya tabdil doda shuda, ba takhti on barodari Napoleoni 1—Lyudovik (Lui) Bona­part nishast. Solhoi 1810—1813 in podshohi ba hayati imperiyai Fransiya dokhil bud. Bo qarori Kongressi venagii 1814—1815 Gollandiya va Bel­giya bo nomi Podshohii Niderland muttahid shudand (may 1815). Ba on Lyuksemburg ikhtiyoran hamroh gardid (to 1890). Ba Niderlandiya mustamlikahoyash bargardonda shudand (ba gayr az Seylon, mustamlikai Kap va qismi Gviana, ki dar ikhtiyori Britaniyai Kabir mondand). Soli 1815 konstitusiyai yakumi Niderlandiya qabul karda shud, ki on dar parlament barobar namoyanda doshtani Niderdandiya va muzofothoi Belgiyaro muqarrar namud. Vale mutlaqiyati Niderlandiya dar amal siyosati istismori millii aholii Belgiyaro pesh meburd, ki in boisi afzoishi haraka­ti millii ozodikhohi gardid. Dar natijai Revolyutsiyai 1830 Belgiya istiqloliyat ba dast ovard. Ittihodiyahoi avvalini korgari dar Niderlandiya solhoi 30— 50 asri 19 ba vujud omadand. Soli 1869 Seksiyai niderlandii Internatsio­nali I, 1894 Partiyai sotsial-demok­ratii korgarii Niderlandiya (PSDKN) barpo karda shud. Soli 1909 qanoti chapi in partiya Partiyai sotsial-demokratii Niderlandiyaro (PSDN) tashkil kard, ki on bar ziddi opportunizmi rosti hara­kati korgari muboriza burd. Dar arafai Jangi yakumi jahoi Niderlandiya hamchun davlati khurdi imperialistii Evropa tashakkul yoft. Dar zeri tasiri Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr dar Niderlandiya harakati revolyutsioni vusat girift. Mehnatkashon baroi navsozii ijtimoi va dastgirii Rossiyai Soveti baromad kardand. Partiyai Kommunistii Niderlandiya (PKN) dar sharoiti inkishofi harakati revolyutsioni (1918) ba vujud omad. Krizisi jahonii iqtisodii solhoi 1929—1933 sharoiti zindago- nii mehnatkashonro khele bad kard.

Dar mamlakat oshubho ba amal omadand. Soli 1934 bekoroni Amsterdam, Rotterdam va digar shahrho namoishhoi ommavi tashkil kardand. Mohi may 1940 qushunhoi Germaniyai fashisti Nideolandiyaro qati nazar az davlati betaraf budanash zabt namudand. Soli 1942 hukumati muhojiri Niderlandiya bo SSSR munosibati diplomati barqaror na­mud. Dar davrai istiloi fashisti dar Niderlandiya harakati muqobilat vusat yoft, ki yake az tashkilotchiyoni on Partiyai Kommunistii Niderlandiya bud. Korpartoihoi Amsterdam va yak qator shahrhoi digar (25—26 fevrali  1941), korpartoihoi umumii rohiohanchiyon (sentyabri 1944 — apreli 1945) khurujhoi ommavii ziddi istilogaroni fashisti budand. Dar avvali may 1945 Niderlandiya az qushunhoi fashistii Germaniya toza karda shud. Badi Jangi duyumi jahon imperiyai mustamlikadorii Gollandiya tanazzul kard. 17 avgusti 1945 Indoneziya khudro mustaqil alon kard. Niderlandiya bo yorii ShMA va Britaniyai Kabir ba muqobili khalqi Indoneziya jangi mustamlikavi cap kard. Dar in solho Niderlandiya az siyosa­ti ananavii betarafi dast kashida, ba guruhhoi gunoguni iqtisodi va harbivu siyosii davlathoi kapi­talisti dokhil shud. Niderlandiya plani Marshallro qabul kard, muohidai Bryusselro imzo namud, ba bloki harbii tajovuzkori NATO hamroh shud, rozigi dod, ki quvvahoi musallahi NATO dar territoriyai vay joygir shavand. Niderlandiya azoi Benilyuks, Soveti evropoi va Ittihodi evropoii iqtisodi («Bozori umumi») va gayra meboshad, Dar okhmri solhoi 50 partilhoi katoli­ki va protestanti ba sari hokimiyat omadand. Doirahoi hukmroni Niderlandiya talabi Respublikai Indoneziyaro dar borai ba vay bargardondani Iriani Garbi avval ba inobat nagiriftand va tanho 15 avgusti 1962, badi talabi perorkoronai ahli jamiyati jahon ba on rozi shudand. Hukumati Niderlandiya si­yosati tajovuzkoronai ShMA va digar davlathoi imperialistiro dar nimjazirai Hindukhitoy va Sharqi Nazdik himoyat kard. Solhoi 60 dar Niderlandiya bisyor khurujkhoi khalqi ba amal omadand. Solhoi 1965—1966 avvalin bor mubodilai namoyandagoni parlamentii Niderlandiya va SSSR ba vuqu omad, robitai Niderlandiya bo SSSR va digar mamlakathoi sotsia­listi behtar gardid. Soli 1971 dar iqtisodiyoti Niderlandiya buhronho mushohida shudand. Dar davomi solhoi 1969—1973 narkhu navo dar Niderlandiya 41,8% qimat shud. Solhoi 1971—1973 yak qator korpartoiho, namoishho va khurujhoi ommavii mehnatkashon barpo gardid. Hukumati Niderlandiya misli peshtara tarafdori az jihati iqtisodi, siyos va harbi muttahid kardani mamlakathoi Evropai Garbi, mustahkam namudani NATO meboshad. Dar ayni hol dar mamlakat ruhiyai ziddi jang va ziddi NATO, kushishi ba mubo­riza baroi past kardani shiddati vaziyati baynalkhalqi jalb namudani Niderlandiya ruz az ruz quvvat megirad.

2 may 1975 Niderlandiya shartnomai pahn nakardani yaroqi yadroiro tasdiq kard.

1 avgusti 1975 sarvazir Y. den Oyl az nomi Niderlandiya ba hujati Majlisi mashvaratii Khelsinki oid ba amniyat va hamkori dar Evropa imzo guzosht.

Partiyahoi siyosi va ittifoqhoi kasaba. Partiyai mehnat, tasisash 1946. Ba Internatsionali sotsialisti dokhil meboshad. D a v a t i nasroniyoni demokrat. Soli 1976 hamchun bloki intikhobotii se partiyai klerikali: Khalqii katoliki, Ziddirevolyutsioni va Ittifoqi tarikhii nasroni tasis yofta, oktyabri 1980 hamchun partiya ta­shakkul yoft. Partiyai khalqii baroi ozodi va demokra­tiya, tasisash 1948. Partiyai liberali. Partiyai siyosii radi­kal h o, tasisash 1968.

«Demokrathoi 6 6», tasisash 1966. Namoyandagoni ziyoiyoni peshqadamro muttahid kardaast. «S o ts i a listoni demokrat 70», tasisash 1970. Partiyai davlatii reformisti, tasisash 1918. Partiyai dehqoni, tasisash 1963. Ittifoqi siyosii re­formisti tasisash solhoi 1950. P a rtiyai sotsialistii pa­sifisti, tasisash 1957.

Partiyai Kommunistii Niderland, tasisash 1918. F e deratsiyai ittifoqhoi kasabai Niderland.Ittihodi millii ittifoqhoi kasabai nasroniyoni Niderland. Jamiyati «Nider­land — SSSR», tasisash 1947.

Khojagi. Niderlandiya mamlakati sanoatash mutaraqqii kapitalistist. Savdoyu kishtigardi, khojagii qishloqi moli taraqqi karda, aloqahoi berunii iqtisodiash inkishof yoftaast. Dar iqtisodiyoti mamlakat shirkathoi mushtaraki davlatho, monopoliyahoi kalon bo ishtiroki kapitali khoriji, hukmronand. Tasiri kapitali kho­riji, import kapital bosurat meafzoyad. Dar sanoat taqriban 40% aho­lii qobili mehmat mashguli kor. Asosi bazai suzishvoriyu energetikiash gazi tabii, neft va angisht ast. Beshtar sohahoe taraqqi kardaand, ni bo ashyoi khomi khoriji kor kar­da, bad mahsuloti tayyorro eksport mekunand. Sohahoi muhimtarini sa­noat korkardi metall (asosan elektronika va elektrotekhnika), istehsoli moshinho baroi sanoati khimiya, taqhizot baroi sohai khurokvori, kishtisozi va khurokvori meboshand, ki ¹/₂ muomiloti tamomi sanoati mamlakat ba sahmi onho meaftad. Sanoati korkardi neft va khimiya, ki aloqamapdona ba ham bosurat taraqqi karda istodaast, roli kalon mebozad. Az rui khajmi eksporti ka­pital Niderlandiya dar qatori ShMA va Ang­liya dar jahon yake az joyhoi avvalinro ishgol menamoyad. Monopoliyahoi kalontarin bo ishtiroki kapi­tali khoriji: «Yunilever» va «Royyal datch-Shell»-i anglisiyu gollandi, konsernhoi kaloni «Filips» (sano­ati elektrotekhniki), «AKZO» (nakhi sintetiki va suni) va «Khyosh-Khogo- vens» (metallurgiyai siyoh). Qarib ¹/₂ muassisaooi elektrotekhniki dar shahri Eyndkhoven va nohiyahoi on, kishtisozi dar Rotterdam va nohiyahoi on, dar Amsterdam, Skhidam. Flissingen gird ovarda shudaand. Markazhoi moshinsozii sanoati khi­miya — Amsterdam va Utrekht. Metal­li dar shahri Eymeyden, metallhoi ranga — alyuminiy dar shahri Flissiigen, Delfzeyl, tsink dar shahri Byudel va qalagi dar shahri Arnem istehsol karda meshavad. Korkhonahoi korkar­di neft va neftu khimiya dar rayoni Rotterdam voqeand. Janubi muzofoti Limburg va shahri Delfzeyl kalontarin nohiyahoi sanoati khimiya meboshand. Nohiyahoi sanoati bofandagi, qismi

sharqii muzofoti Overeysel (gazvori pakhtagin), muzofothoi shimoli Brabant (matohoi pashmin) va Gerderland (rishtavu matohoi suni va sintetiki). Sanoati bo­fandagi solhoi okhir ru ba tanazzul nihod, barovardani mahsulot kam va mahdud karda shudaast. Sohahoi istehsoli charmu poyafzol, kogaz, kuloli va zarfhoi chiniyu fayansi, duzandagi va hakkoqi taraqqi karda­and Sanoati istehsoli gaz dar na­tijai azkhud karda shudani koni ga­zi tabiii Griningen tiraqqi kard. Istehsoli neft khele kam ast (1.4 mln. t, soli 1977). Gazi tabii ba sifati ashyoi khomi khimiyavi yake az sohahoi muhimi eksport gardida, hissai on dar balansi energetiki ziyod shud. Istehsoli angishtsang hamchun sohai befonda az soli 1974 qat gardnd. Xojagii qishloqii Niderlandiya bosurat taraqqi mekunad va ¹/₄ arzishi ekspor­ti mamlakatro medihad. Ziyoda az ¹ /₂ hissai kishtzorho dar dasti khojagihoi miyona va kaloni fermerist. Dar khojagii qishloqi Niderlandiya munosibathoi kapitalisti inkishof yofta, shabakai vasei ko­operatsiyai tamipotu furushi mah­sulot amal mekunad. Chorvodori va parrandaparvari 65%, bogdori va sabzavotkori 21%, ziroatkori 14% mahsuloti khojagii qishloqi Niderlandiyaro medihad. Sarshumori chorvo to 1 iyuli 1980: gov — 5225 hazor, khuk—10137 hazor, gusfand — 799 hazor, asp — 76 hazor cap. Niderlandiya dar jahon yake az eksportkunandagoni asosii mahsuloti shir, in- chunin tukhm, gushti parranda, konservahoi gushtin, gushti khuk meboshad. Dar rastaniparvari taqriban 60% arzishi mahsulotro (1976) in sohaho medihand: bogdori, sabzavotkori va gulparvari. Niderlandiya az jihati hajmi garmkhonaho va eksporti sabzavotu meva va anguri dar garmkhona rasida dar jahon joi yakumro megirad. Niderlandiya— eksportkunandai asosii kartoshka ast. 60% maydoni jangalho molikiyati khususi meboshad. Har sol 0,8— 1 mln m³ chub istehsol karda mesha­vad. Mohidori kasbi ananavii khalqi Niderlandiya meboshad. Yake az kalontarin bandarhoi mamlakat va jahon bandari Rotterdam, duyumin bandari kalon — Amsterdam. ³/₄  hissai borkashonii dokhili ba sahmi naqliyoti avtomobili meaftad. Darozii daryoho va kanalhoi kishtigard 4360 km (yanvari 1976). Darozii rohhoi ohan — 2,8 hazor km (yanvari 1977). Aeroporti Amsterdam (Skhipkhol) doroi ahamiya­ti baynalkhalqist. Hajmi savdoi be­runii Niderlandiya qarib barobari daromadi millist. Kalontarin sharikoni sav­doi Niderlandiya: RFG, Ittifoqi iqtisodii Belgiyayu Lyuksemburg, Fransiya, Britaniyai Kabir va ShMA. Hissai mamlakathoi sotsialisti 2,6%. Niderlandiya ba khorija galla, ashyoi khomi rasta­ni baroi sanoat, neft va mahsuloti neft, moshin va tajhizot barovarda, az on jo khurokvori, moshin va tajhizot (asosan tajhizoti elektroni va elektrotekhniki), mahsuloti neftu gaz va khimiya megirad. V o h i d i pul —gulden (florin).

Tandurusti. Soli 1976 ba har 1 hazor aholi 12,9 tavallud, 8,3 favt, ba har 1 hazor kudaki navzod 10,3 favt rost meomad. Baze kasalihoi shush, diabet, kasalihoi siroyatkunandai dizenteriyai batsillyari, tifi shi­kam va paratif pahn shudaand. Dar Shimol va Janubu Garbi bemorii diqi nafas khele ziyod ast. Soli 1973 dar mamlakat 600 muassisai tibbi bud, ki 136.2 hazor kat dosht (10,2 kat ba 1 hazor kas). Dukhturoni khususi mavqei ka­lon dorand. Soli 1974 20,2 hazor dukhtur (ba 670 nafar 1 dukhtur), 4,1 hazor dukhturi dandon. 1.2 hazor farmasevtho, 879 akusher, 30,5 hazor hamshirai tib­bi, 12 hazor yordamchii hamshirai tibbi va digaron kor mekard. Kurorti baynalkhalqiii nazdibahrii Skheveningen (dar nazdiki Gaaga), kurorthoi Khuk-van-Kholland mavjudand.

Maorif. Soli 1974/75 dar bogchahoi bachagona 514 hazor nafar bachahoi az 3 to 6-sola tarbiya meyoftand. Muhlati tahsil dar makthoi ibtidoi — 6 sol. Sinni talimi hatmi — az 7 to 15- sola. Muhlati tahsil dar maktabi miyona 6 (3+3) sol. Dar sistemai tayyorii kasbhoi tekhniki soli tahsili 1974/75 450 hazor talaba, dar sistemai tayyorii muallimon 10.850 talaba bud. Soli tahsili 1974/75 dar maktabhoi oli 264 hazor student mekhond. 15 universitet hast. Unniversiteti Amster­dam (tasisash 1877), Universiteti Utrekht (tasisash 1636), Universiteti Groningen (tasisash 1674) Universiteti Leyden (ta­sisash 1575). Akademiyai podshohii fanhon gumanitari va tabiatshinosi dar Amsterdam (tasisash 1808). Ziyoda az 100 jamiyat va assositsiyahoi ilmi hast. Inchunin ziyoda az 40 institut va muassisahoi tadqiqoti ilmi, Akademiyai sanati tasviri (dar Amsterdam) mavjud ast. Kitobkhonaho: Kitobkhonai Unversiteti Amsterdam (tasisash 1578), Kitobkhonai Universiteti Leyden (tasisash 1575), Kitobkhonai shohii Gaaga (tasisash 1798) va gayra Muzeyho: Muzei davlati (1808) dar Amsterdam. Muzei millii Van Gog (1972), Muzei shohii instituti tropikho (1910); Nigoristoni podshohi dar Gaaga (tasisash 1820); Muzei geolo­giya va mineralogiyai Leyden (1820); Muzei tarikhi dar Rotterdam (1861) va gayra.

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Soli 1977 dar Niderlandiya ziyoda az 100 gazetai harruza chop meshud. Kalontarinashon «Teleg­raf» («de Telegraaf»), dar Amsterdam az soli 1893, «Algemen dagblad» («A1- gemeen Dagblad»), dar Rotterdam az 1946, «NRK—Handelsblad» (tNRC — Haodelsblad»), dar Rotterdam az 1970, «Khet parol» («TIet Ragoo), dar Amsterdam az 1940, «Folkskrant» («De Volkskrant»), dar Amsterdam az 1920, «Khaagse kurant» («Haagsche

Courant), dar Gaaga az 1883, «Gelderlander Pers» («De Gelderlander Rogs»), dar Neymegen az 1848, «Vaarheyd» («De Waarheid»), organi Par­tiyai Kommunisti Niderlandiya, az 1940 dar Amsterdam chop meshavad. Agentii akhborotii «Algemen Nederlands Persbyuro» («Algemeen Nederlands Pershurcan») — ittihodi noshironn gazetahoi Niderlandiya (tasisash 1934) dar Gaaga ast. Korporatsiyai radioshunavonii Niderland (Nederlandse Omgoer Stuching») — tashkiloti radioshunavoni va televizion (tasisash 1969). Radioshunavoni az soli 1923, te- levizion az 1951, ranga az 1967 amal mekunad. Radioshunavoni ba zabonhoi anglisi, arabi, gollandi, indonezi, ispani, portugali, fravsavi burda meshavad

Adabiyot. Qadimtarin osori adabii ba zaboni niderlandi ejodshuda Mazmurhoi karolingiand (asri 9). Avvalin navisandai barjastai Niderlandiya Gen­rikh fon Feldeke (asri 12) meboshad, ki paydoishi sabki kurtuazii adabiyoti niderlandi va nemisi bo niomi u vobasta ast. Badi ba zaboi gollandi tahiya shudani «Dostoni Reynard» (nazdikii soli 1250) adabiyoti Niderlandiya khususiyati khaqiqatan milli paydo kard. In asari mazhakavi jamiyati feodali va tabakai ritsarhoro sakht mazammat mekard. Shoir Ya. van Marlant (to 1235 — nazdikii 1300), ki namoyandai ba nazar namoyoni didaktikai byurgeri bud, dar mukolamahoi sherii «Martini yakum» va «Martini duyum» badakhloqii tabakai ashrof, riyokorii ruhoniyonro fosh kardaast. Ejodiyoti Erazmi Rotterdama (1465—1536), muallifi asari dar jahon mashhuri «Madhiyai hamoqat» (1511) kullai goyahoi Ehyo gardid. Nazmi Ya. van der Not (1540—1595) va hajvi Marniks de Spit Aldegonde (1540 — 1598) bo harakati gumanisti aloqamandand. Aldegonde dar «Zanburkhonai kalisoi Rimi muqaddas» (1569) kalisoi katolikiro sakht hajv kar­daast. Surudi «Vilgelmus»-i u gimni jangii revolyutsiyai burjuazii asri 16 Niderlandiya shuda bud. «Surudhoi gyozho» (goziyon), «Ey Niderland, hushyor bosh!»

va gayra muborizai mardumi Niderlandiyaro bar ziddi mutlaqiyati Ispaniya inikos kardaand. Nosiron D. Kornkhert (1522—1590), K. van Mander (1518 — 1600) dar Inkishofi madaniyat va zaboni milli sahmi buzurg dorand. Davrai nashuiamoi bosurati madaniyat (asri 17), davrae, ki Gollandiya mamlakati namunavii kapitalistki asri 17 shuda bud, «asri tilloi»-i adabiyoti Niderlandiya nomida meshavad. Barjastatarin navisandagoni in davr: A. Bredero — muallifi mazhakahoi hajvi dar mavzuhoi tarikhi «Brabantii Ispaniya» (1617) va gayra, P. K. Khoft muallifi asarhoest oid ba marhalahoi qahramononai hayoti Niderlaniya (Gerard van Velzen, 1613 va gayra.). Qullai «asri tilloi» ejodiyoti shoir Yost van den Vondyol (1587—1679) bud. U dar asarhoi tarikhii khud muborizai qahramononai khalqi Ntderlandiyaro bar ziddi mutlaqiyati katolikin Ispaniya tarannum kardaast: «Palamed» (1625), «Gebrekht van Amstel» (1637) va «Lyutsifer» (1654). Dar «Lyutsifer» individualizmi burjuazi fosh karda meshavad. Dar adabiyoti asri 18 ananahoi milli-demokrati sust shuda, taqlid ba klassitsizmi fransavi avj girift. Vale dramaturgiyai P. Langendenk (1683 — 1756), ki zeri tasiri Moler az hayoti mardumi oddi mazhakahoi hajvi meofarid, az jihati goyavi-badei mavqei namoyon dorad. Dar romanhoi E. Volf-Bekker (1738—1804) va Age Senen (1741 — 1804) dar nazmi barodaron Villem van Kharen (1710— 1768) va Onno van Kharen (1713—1779) tasiri goyahoi maorifparvari dida meshavad. Dar dramai O. van Kharen «Agon» (1769) avvalin bor etirozi ziddi siyosati mustamlikadori ifoda yoftaast. Dar adabiyoti asri 19 avvalho idealhoi meshani va tasviri sathii ruzgor beshtar bud: Ya. van Lennep (1806—1869), X. Tollens (1780—1856) va digaron Faqat ejodiyoti rovolyutsionii navisandai buzurgi isyongar E. D. Dekker, ki bo takhallusi Multatuli (1820—1887) menavisht, istisnost. U dar romani «Maks Khavelaar» (1860) duruyagii burjuaziya, behayoii mustamlikadoroni gollandi, badamolii kapitalistonro fosh mekard. Nasri E. I. Potgiter (1808— 1875), ki muharriri jurnalili demokratii «Rohbalad», majmuai hikoyahoi «Nasr» (1837—1845) bud, roli namoyon bozid. Vay tanazzulu sukuti hayoti zamoni khudro ba guzashtai qahramononai mamlakat muqobil meguzosht. Solhoi 80 shoironi javon J. Perke (1859— 1881), V. Klos (1859—1938) — ejodkoroni sheri navi tamoman indivi­dualisti ba maydon omadand. Ashori onho ba inikosi dunyoi botinii inson nigaronida shuda bud. Navisandagon L. van Deysel (ta­khallusash Alberdink Taym, 1864—1952); ki dar ejodiyotash naturalizm va imperessionizm barobar joy doshtand, F. van Eden (1860—1932), ki dar ro­mani «Iogannesi khurd» ba dunyoi kapitalisti dili sofi qahramonro muqobil meguzorad, niz ba solhoi 80 mansuband. Dar ejodiyoti L. Kunerus (1863—1923) naturalizm ba avji alo rasid. U az romanhoi dar payravii Zolya ejodkardaash («Taqdir», 1860; «Elin Ver», 1889) ba ejodi romanhoi az goyahoi sotsializmi khayoli sarshor guzashta bud. Dar okhiri asri 19 va avvali asri 20 ba sababi afzoshii sinfi korgar va goyahoi sotsializm navisandagone ba maydon omadand, ki hayoti mehnatkashonro tasvir va revolyutsiyai oyandaro vasf mekardand. Dar dostonhoi G. Gorter (1864— 1927), ki faoliyati siyosii uro V.I. Lenin taqdir karda bud, maqsadhoi revolyutsiyai oyandai sotsialisti ifoda gardidaast («Mey». 1889; «Pan», 1912). G. Kheyermans (1864—1924) dar dramai «Margi umed» (1900) va ro­mani «Shahri almosho» (1904) bar ziddi istismori kapitalisti baromad. Tasiri goyahoi marksisti-lenini va Oktyabr dar ejodiyoti shoirai barjasta va dramaturg G. Roland-Kholst van der Skhalk (1869— 1952) — majmui sherhoi «Az nav tavlidshudagon» (1903), dramai «Tomas Mor» (1912) dida meshavad. Shoir A. van Kollem (1858—1933), ki Revolyutsiyai Ok­tyabr va goyahoi kommunizmro tabrik namud, asarhoi khudro az mavqei revolyutsioni insho mekard: «Ohanghoi rusi» (1891), «Surudhoi puroshub» (1918). Badi Jangi yakumi jahon (1914—1918), ki etiqodro ba progressi burjuaziya barbod doda bud, dar nazdi taqdir ojizu notavon budani inson az mavzuhoi asosi gardid: ashori M. Neykhof (1894—1953), A. Roland-Kholst (1888—1977), G. Akhterberg (1905—1962). Dar nazm eksp­ressionizm mavqei asosi paydo kard. Dar kitobhoi I. Bude Bekker (1875—1966) — «Kambagali» (1909), «Tillo va khas» (1949), dar romanhoi A. Skhendel (1874—1946)— «Fregati Iogan Mariya» (1930) va gayra tamoyuloti realisti idoma yoft. Navisanda M. Sekelp-Lyulof dar romanhoi «Ka­uchuk» va «Kuli» mustamlikadorii Gollandiyaro fosh kardaast. Dar solhoi zeri istiloi fashiston budani Niderlandiya matbuoti pinhonii ziddifashisti pahn karda meshud va dar in kor inho ishtirok doshtand: S. Vestdeyk (1898—1971), yake az namoyontarin navisandagoni asri 20, muallifi romanhoi «Elza Beyler, kanizi nemis» (1937), «Pastoral 1943» (1949), romanu novellanavis M. Dekker (tavalludash 1898), muallifi majmuai hikoyahoi «Muza dar gardan» (1945), Toyn de Fris (tavallud 1907), muallifi epopeyam ijtimoii «Zamin-moindar» (1930), trilogiyai ziddifashiston «Fevral» (1961), A. Kossman (tav. 1922) dar romani «Maglubiyat» (1950), A. van Deynkerken (1903—1968), Ya. Gresskhoff (1888— 1971) dar ashori khud, A. van der Feyn (tavalludash 1914) dar romani «Idi vahshiyona» (1958) mavzuhoi Muqobilati ziddi istilogaroni fashistiro inkishof dodand. Ruznomai tolibai amsterdami Anna Frank (1930—1944), ka tahti unvoni «Ruznomai Anna Frank» yo khud «Dar fli­geli qafo» (1945) dar tamomi jahon pahn shuda bud, dar inkishofi goyahoi ziddifashisti roli kalon bozid.

Solhoi 50 jarayoni ba nom Shoironi navju ba vujud omad (Lyusebert, tavalludash 1924; G. Kauvenar, tavalludash 1923 va digaron). Onho etirozi khudro nisbat ba jamiyati burjuazi dar zeri pardai sukhanbozi va shaklhoi modernisti ifoda mekardand. Az navisandagoni muosir namoyontarinashon inhoyand:

V. Khermane (tavalludash 1921), muallifi romani «Hujrai toriki Damokl» (1959), Khela Khaasse (tavalludash 1918), Ya. Volkers (tavalludash 1925), A. Blaman (takhallusash P. Bryugt, 1905—1960). Dar solhoi 70 yak zumra navisandagoni boistedode ba maydon omadand, ki ziddiyathoi tezu tundi ijtimoii dunyoi kapitalistiro az mavqehoi realisti fosh menamoyand: G. Krol, F. Kellendonk, R. Kheyl, M. van Koylen.

Memori, sanati tasviri. Dar asri 16 sanati Niderlandiya ba du maktabi mustaqil judo shud: flamandi (nig. Belgiya) va gollandi (dar territoriyai hozirai Niderlandiya). Az ibtidoi asri 17 dar Niderlandiya beshtar binohoi jamiyati va savdoyu sanoati (ratushaho, korkhonahoi kishtisozi, rastahoi savdo, anborho, manufakturaho), binohoi khishtini bo sangi safed orododashuda (memor Kh. de Key), mabadhoi oddii protestanti (memor X. de Keyser) sokhta meshudaid. Dar miyonai asri 17 klassi­tsizm beshtar taraqqi kard (memor Ya. van Kampek, P. Post). Dar in davra dar sanati Niderlandiya joi asosiro maktabi milli-realistii rassomi ishgol menamud, ki ba sanati minbadai Evropa tasiri buzurg rasond. Makhsusan janri portret ravnaq yoft (F. Khals). Sanati realistii asri 17 Niderlandiya demokrati buda, rassomon kushish mekardand, ki ziidagi, zeboii tabiat va mohiyati dokhilii hodisoti muqarrariro ruhbakhshu barjasta tasvir namoyand. Janrhon muyyani sanati gollandi (port­ret, peyzaj, patyurmort, interer, sahnahoi maishi va gayra) khele taraqqi kard. Barjastatarin ustodi port­ret F. Khals bud. Ustodoni natyur­mort — P. Klas, V. Kheda, A. Beyeren, V. Kalf, peyzaj — Ya. van. Goyey, X. Segers, M. Khobbema buda, dar janri animalisti (tasviri hayvonot) P. Potter, A. Keyp bomuvaffaqiyat kor mekardand. Tasviri interer bo sahnachahoi maihi mashhur bud (Ya. Vermer, G. Terborkh, G. Metsyu, P. de Khokh, E. de Vitte, A. van Ostade va digaron). Qullai sanati tasvirii gol­landi va jahonii asri 17 ejodiyoti Rembrandt kompozitsiyahoi asotiri va tarikhi (portretho, peyzajho) meboshad, ki ba on gumanizm, drama­tizm, tamoilhoi falsafi va demok­ratizm khos ast. Ba ejodiyoti hamzamoni Rembrandt — manzaranigor Ya. van Ryoysdal niz dramatizm khos ast. K. Fabritsius va A. de Gelder az jumlai shogirdoni namoyoni Remb­randt budand. Az okhiri asri 17 sanati gollandi ru ba tanazzul ovard. Dar nimai duyumn asri 19 ustodoni sanati realistii Niderlandiya ananahoi realizmi asri 17-ro hamchun namunai ba tav­ri badei amikuqu vozeh inikos namudani haqiqat medonistand va ba on istinod mekardand. Lirika, mayl ba surathoi ozod va purehsos ba maktabi Gaaga — ba sahnahoi jozibanoki az hayoti odamoni oddi ofaridai Y. Israels, ba peyzajhoi X. V. Mesdag, Ya. B. Yongkind, G. X. Breytner khos ast. Dar solhoi 80 V. van Gog ba kori ejodi shuru namud va khalqi mehnatiro bo yak dilsuzii garmu qushone tasvir karda, obrazhoi realistonae ofarid, ki onho mazmunhoi amiqi ijtimoi dorand. Dar ibtidoi asri 20 dar Niderlandiya bisyor guruhhoi rassomon va memoron paydo shudaand va onho ba memori va dizayni asri 20 (estetikai injeneri) tasiri kalon rasondand. Zarurati peshaki ba plan giriftan, ki ba korhoi irrigatsioni vobasta bud, ba dalerona hal namudani masalahoi shahrsozi musoidat mekard. Dar bayni asosguzoroni sanati memorii hozirai N. X. Beerage, M. de Klerk budand. Az solhoi 20 Niderlandiya yake az markazhoi funksionalizm gardid (sokhtmoni bisyor kvartalhoi Ams­terdam, Rotterdam va gayra: memoron Ya. Y. P. Aud, V. M. Dyudok). Badi Janga duyumi jahoni dar Niderlandiya binohoi gunoguni istiqomati va jamiyati ba vujud omadand (memoron Y. X. van den Bruk, Ya. B. Bakema va digaron). Dar asri 20 avvalin bor maktabi mustaqili Gollandii haykaltaroshi tashakkul yoft, ki dar plastikai khurdi ekspressivi, portret va asarhoi monumentali zohir shuda bud (Y. Mendes de Kosta. X. Krop, F. Siger va digar). Namoyontarini ekspressionistho — Ya. Sleytere. Ejodiyoti Charli Torop va X. Shabo sarshori goyahoi demokrati va insonparvarist, naqshunigor va grafikai P. Alma ba mavzuhoi ijtimoivu siyosi bakhshida shudaand. Dar ayni hol dar Niderlandiya shaklhoi gunoguni abstraksi­onizm (P. Mondrian, T. van Dusbyurg), syurrelizm, «pop-art» va digaron jarayonhoi modernioti pahn shuda­and.

Musiqi. Eposi musiqivu manzumi ibtidoi asrhoi miyonai qabilahoi kelt va germani, ki dar Niderlandiya zindagi mekardand, dar dostonhoi Nibelungho inikos yoftaand. Taraqiyoti savdo va shahrho dar asri 12 ba nashunamoi lirikai ritsari va sanati menestrelhoi shahriyu darbori musoidat kard. Dini nasroni surudkhonii lotiniro dar kalisoho jori na­mud. Az asri 14 harakati reformatori kushish mekard, ki mazmur va gimnho ba zaboni modari khonda shavand. Musiqi dar hayoti jamiyatii Niderlandiya ahamiyati kalon paydo kard, dar nazdi kalpsohoi jomei shahri maktabhoi surudkhonii kasbi-metrizkho (avalin bor dar Evropa) tashkil kar­da shudand. Dar asrhoi 15—16 Niderlandiya ham­chun davlati peshqadami Evropa dar qatori maktabi barjastai rassomi maktabi kontrapunktisthoi niderlandi (frankivu-flamandi)-ro niz takmil dod, ki on dar digar mamlakatho ham pahn shuda, ba nashuna­moi polifoniyai vokali-khorii Evro­pa ibtido guzosht (G. Dyufai, Y. Okegem, Ya. Obrekht, Khoskei de Pre, Orlando di Lasso, G. Izaak va digaron). Sanati millii potsusnavozi — ka­riyon ba vujud omad. Komyobihoi notachopkunii asrhoi 16—18 ba nashriyahoi niderlandii Amsterdam aloqamandand. Dar davrai revolyutsiyai burjuazii Niderlandiya (1560—1609) surudhoi gyozho (goziyon) — shurishgarone, ki bar ziddi zulmi ispaniho muboriza meburdand, shuhrat paydo karda bud. Az asri 17, badi jorishavii kalvinizm, dar muzofothoi mustaqili shimoli sanati argununnavozi inkishof yoft va konserthoi ommavii argununnavozi (dar Amsterdam, avvalin bor dar Evropa) tashkil karda shudand (Namoyontarin ustodi argununavoz va bastakor Ya. P. Svelnik). Dar asrhoi 17—18 navozandagoni niderlandi va flamandi mashhur gardidand, ansamblhoi navozandagon, jamiyathoi dustdoroni musiqi paydo shudand. Dar asri 19, badi istiqloliyat ba dast ovardani Niderlandiya, madaniyati musiqii milli-demokrati in­kishof yoft, omuzihgohhoi millii musiqi tashkil shudand, jamiyathoi konserti ba vujud omadand. Bastakoron romantikhoi miyonai asri 19: Y. Ferkhyulst, B. Rulofs, R. Khol va digaron. Az okhiri asri 19 dar Amsterdam jamiyati konsertii «Konsertgebau» vujud dorad va on bo orkestri simfonii khud dar jahon mashhur ast. Dastahoi operai milli tashkil yoftaand. Maktabi musiqii milli tashkil shud. Bastakoron B. Zvere, A. Dipenbrok va Y. Vagenar ba in maktab rohbari mekardand va barobari ofarndani asarhoi barjasta zumrai navozandagoni millii avvali asri 20 (K. Dopper, Yu. Ryontgen, Ya. van Gilse, V. Landre va digaron)-ro tarbiyat kardand. Soli 1930 tahti rohbarii X. Zagveyn, M. Fermelen, S. Dresden va D. Reyneman, ki rohhoi navi ejodiro justuju mekardand, jamiyati musiqii zamonavii Niderlandiya ba vujud omad. Bastakori nimai yakumi asri 20 V. Peyper bo ejodiyoti khosi khud ba maktabi millii bastakorii muosir tasiri kalon rasond va shogirdoni ziyodero tarbiya namud (G. Landre, K. van Batten, X. Badings va digaron). Dar mamlakat holo bisyor ittihodiyahoi khori amal mekunand (az jumla «Ovozi khalq»), klubu jamiyathoi gunoguni musiqi, 12 orkestri simfoni, 7 konservatoriya, 3 litsei musiqi, Instituti musiqii kalisoi katolikii Niderlandiya, fakt-hoi tarikh va nazariyai musiqii unstitqthoi Amsterdam, Leyden va Utrekht mavjudand; jurnalhoi makhsusi musiqi jop mesha- vand.

Teatr va kino. Az okhiri asrhoi 12 dar Niderlandiya dramai kalisoi ravnaq yoft. Dar asri 14 jamiyathoi dustdoroni adabiyot va teatr ba vujud omada, dar asri 16 faoliyati onho ba avji alo rasid (misteriya, fars va moraliteho — pesahoi andarzi namoish doda meshudand). Dar ibtidoi asri 17 teatrhoi muqimi ba vujud omadand. Soli 1638 Teatri shahrii Amsterdam tashkil yoft va markazi hayoti teatrii mam­lakat gardid. Tashkil yoftani «Ittihodiyai teatrii Niderland» (1870) ba taraqqiyoti teatr yorii kalon ra­sond. Soli 1875 dar asosi on teatri «Sahnai Niderland» kushoda shud.

Soli  1892 dastai nave bo nomi «Ittihodiyai teatrii Niderland» tashkil shud va bisyor pesahoi ahamiyati «ijtimoi doshtai X. Kheyermans, inchunin pesahoi M. Emants, F. Eden va digaronro ba cahna guzosht. Solhoi 20 kollektivhoi dramavii havaskoron, khususan studenton, baso faol budand. Solhoi 1910—1930 dastahoi teat­rii khususi kor mekardand va ba onho aktyoron va rejissyoroni barjasta — V. Royyards, E. Ferkade, barodaron F. va L. Baumester va digaron rohbari namudand. Namoyontarin teatrhoi solhoi 40—60 «Komediyai Ga­aga» va «Komediyai Niderland» budand. Solhoi 60—70 dastahoi doimi dar Arnem, Rotterdam niz amal me­kardand. Dar Amsterdam muzei te­atr hast.

Dar mamlakat istehsoli filmhoi khujjati soli 1898, filmhoi badei 1910 cap shud. Solhoi 1930 rejissyorho Y. Ivens, G. Ryutten filmhoi doroi ahamiyati ijtimoi ofaridand. Dar davrai istiloi fashistoni Ger­maniya istehsoli kinofilmhoi mil­li tanazzul yoft. Badi ozodshavi dar borai harakati Muqobilat film­hoi hujjatii barjasta ba navor girifta shudand, istehsoli kinofilmhoi badei ham vusat yoft. Namoyontarin rejissyorho: B. Khanstra, M. van der Khorst, M. Khas, F. Rademakers, P. Ferkhuven va digaron. Kino­studiyai filmhoi badei dar Dzyoyvendrekht, filmhoi hujjati dar Gaaga va Utrekht kor mekunand.

Ad.: V a l i o v V. A., Ekonomika i politika Gollandii posle vtoroy miro­voy voyni, M., 1961; Volevich I. V., Sovremennaya literatura Niderlandov, M., 1962; Gruber R. I., Istoriya mu­zikalnoy kulturi, t. 1, ch. 2. M.. 1941; Serebryanniy L. R., Niderlandi. M., 1974.