Jumhurii SALVADOR

SALVADOR, Respublikai El- Salvader (Republics de El Salvador), davlat dar Amerikai Markazi. Az Janub onro uqyonusi Orom ihota kardaast. Dar Shimol va Sharq bo Gonduras va dar Garb bo Gvatemala hamsarhad meboshad. Masohatash 21,4 hazor km2. Aholiash 5,11 mln nafar (1983). Poytakhtash shahri San- Salvador. Az jihati mamuri territoriyai Salvador ba 14 departament taqsim shudaast.

Sokhti davlati. Salvador — respublika. Konstitutsiyai joriash dekabri 1983 qabul shudaast. Sardori davlat va hukumat — prezident, ki uro aholi ba muhlati 5 sol intikhob menamoyad. Azoyoni hukumatro prezident tain mekunad. Organi olii hokimiyati qonunbaror — Assambleyai qonunbaror. Sistemai sudi: Sudi oli, sudhoi instansiyai 1-um va sudhoi oshtidihanda.
Tabiat. Qismi ziyodi mamlakatro kuhsori vulkonii balandiash 600— 700 m. ishgol kardaast, ki silsilai vulqonhoi khomush (dar Shimol) va amalkunanda (Santa-Ana, 2381 m. nuqtai balandtarini Salvador va gayra) dorad. Dar in jo zud-zud zilzila ruy medihad: Dar janubi mamlakat, qad- qadi sohili uqyonusi Orom mintaqai pastii kambar (10—30 km) tul kashidaast. Iqlimi Salvador tropikii passati. Harorati miyonai mohona dar shahri San- Salvador 22—240S, dar pasty 2— 30S az on balandtar ast. Borishoti solona 1500—1800 mm (dar Shimol to 2500 mm). Dar Salvador daryohoi khurdi
kamob va purtugyon, inchunin kulhoi vulqoni bisyorand. Khokash asosan surkhi jigartobi ferraliti. Nabototi tabii qarib sarosar nobud shudaast, dar kuhhoi baland beshahoi darakhtoni bulutu sanavbar boqi mondaand. Olami hayvonot: tapir, maymunhoi pahnbini, yurmon, kurmush va gayra. Parranda, khazandayu hasharot khele bisyor.
Aholi. Dar Salvador asosan salvadoriho, inchunin duragaho, safedpustonu hindiho zindagi mekunand. Zaboni rasmi — ispani. Dini rasmi — katoliki. Zichii miyonai aholi dar 1 km2 239 nafar (1983). Shahrhoi kalon:
Sak-Salvador, Santa-Apa, Sap-Mi- gel, Sakatekoluka, Nueva-Sap-Sal- vador, Auachapan.
Ocherki tarikhi. To asri 7 dar territoriyai Salvador hindihoi mayya va ibtidoi asri 16 dar garb va markazi mamlakat hindihoi pipil va dar sharq hindihoi lenka maskan karda budand. Hindiho asosan ziroatkor budand. Territoriyai Salvador va shahri asosi Kuskatlan nom dosht. Kharobahoi shahrhoi Kuskatlan. Kokhutepeke va digararon az darajai balandi tamadduni Salvador guvohi medihand. Tamomi aholii Salvador ba toifaho judo meshud. Khati ieroglif vujud dosht. Dar solhoi 20 asri 16 territoriyai Kuskatlanro ispaniho zabt karda, ba mamlakat Salvador nom dodand. Solhoi 1560— 1821 Salvador ba hayati general kalitani Gvatemala dokhil meshud. Dar rafti jang baroi istiqloliyati mustamlikahoi Ispaniya dar Amerika (1810— 1826) general kapitanii Gvatemala istiqloliyati khudro (15 sentyabr 1821) elon kard. Ammo dere naguzashta Salvadorro qushunhoi Meksika zabt kardand va on ba imperiyai Iturbidei Meksika hamroh karda shud. Badi tanazzuli imperiyai Iturbide Salvador ba federatsiyai muzofothoi Muttahidai Amerikai Markazi hamroh gardid. Salvador az soli 1841 respublikai sohibikhtiyor. Bo yorii kapitali khoriji, ki ba Salvador cap darovarda bud, sokhtmoni rohi ohan ogoz yoft, sol to sol kishtzori qahva vase meshud, ki on dere naguzashta yake az vosita- hoi asosii eksporti Salvador gardid. Dar natijai tasiri galabai Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr solhoi 20 dar Salvador ittifoqhoi kasaba va solt 1930 Partiyai kommunisti tashkil shud. Badi tabadduloti harbii dekabri 1931 ba sari hokimiyat general M. Ernandes Martines omada tartiboti diktatori jori namud. Soli 1944 diktatura sarnagun gardid; soli 1950 konstitutsiya qabul karda shud, ki on ozodii demokratiro elon kard. Ammo dere naguzashta dar mamlakat boz tartiboti diktaturi jori shud, hukumati nav dar munosibathoi dokhiliyu khoriji siyosati reaksioniro pesh girift. Salvador azoi Tashkiloti davlathoi Amerokai Markazi va azoi Soveti mudofiai Amerikai Markazi shuda, tamomi chorabinihoi Amerikaro, ki bar ziddi Kubai revolyutsioni va harakathoi ozodikhohonai davlathoi Nimkurai garb ravona karda meshud, dastgiri kard. Noyabri 1974 bayni SSSR va Salvador doir ba savdo shartnoma basta shud. Oktyabri soli 1979 dar natijai tabadduloti harbi, ki on hokimiyati Romeroro sarnagun kard, ..ba sari davlat khuntam harbi bo sardorii polkovnik Antonio Makhano omad.
Dar davomi soli 1979 muqobilati ommai khalq bar ziddi tartiboti diktaturai gen. Romero torafi quvvat gtrift. Mohi mart bo davati Konfederatsiyai yagonai mehnatkashoni SalvadorIdar poytakht bar ziddi diktatura namoisht ommavi shuda guzasht. Sardoroni hukumat rohi jazovu fishori sakhtro pesh giriftand. Okhiri mart peshvoi Federatsiyai yagonai ittifoqhoi kasabai mamlakat O. Armando Interiano kushta shud (dar davomi sol ziyoda az 500 nafar noroziyon az tartibot kushta shudand va taqriban hamon qadar «be nomu nishon» shuda raftand). Mohi aprel ba tavri gayrilegali sezdi 7-umi Partiyai Kommunistii Salvador shuda guzasht. Kommuniston baroi tashkili Fronti yagona harjoniba mekushidand.
15 oktyabr guruhi ofitseron tabadduloti harbi kard, tartiboti K. Umberti Romero sarnagun shud (diktator ba khorija fipop kard). Hokimiyat ba dasti khuntam harbi-grajdani guzasht. Soli 1980 dar mamlakat muborizai mehnatkashon ba muqobili siyosati ziddikhalqii khunta avj girift. Mohi yanvar organi koordinatsionii tashkilothoi ommavii revolyutsioni (OKTOR) tashkil shud, ki ba on Bloki khalqii revolyutsioni, Ittifoqi demokratii milli, Fronti amaliyoti muttahidai khalqi, harakat bahri ozodii khalq va gayra dokhil gardidand. Mohi fevral khunta dar bobati qat namudani faoliyati konstitutsiyai soli 1962 dekret qabul kard. Okhiri marti 1980 agenthoi tashkilothoi terroristii ultrai rost arkhiepiskopi shahri San-Salvador O. Arnulfo Romeroro vahshiyona kushtand. OKTOR ba sifati etiroz ba in vahshoniyat korpartoii umumimillii 8-ruza elon kard. Ruzi dafni O. Arnulfo Romero qushunhoi hukumati va gvardiyai milli marosimi tantananoki janozabariro tirboron kardand. (taqriban 100 kas kushta va ziyoda az 300 kas yarador shud). Mohi aprel Fronti revolyutsionii demokrati (FRD) tashkil shud, ki ba on hamai tashkilothoi OKTOR, inchunin harakati millii revolyutsioni (HMR), Harakati khalqii sotsial-demokrati (HKhSD), markazhoi ittifoqhoi kasaba va gayra hamroh shudand. Quvvahoi vatandust
khalqro ba muborizai ziddi khunta davat kardand. Mohi may organi olii harbi-siyosii tashkilothoi revolyutstoni — Rohbariyati muttahidai revotosioni (RMR) tashkil shud va ba hayati on rohbaroni Quvvahoi khalqii ozodkunii ba nomi Farabundo Marti, Partiyat Kommunistii Salvador, Quvvahoi musallahi muqobilati milli, Partiyai revolyutsionii Salvador dokhil shudand.
Az yanovari 1981 otryadhoi Fronti ozodkunii millii ba nomi Farabundo Marti dar tamomi mamlakat ba amaliyothoi jangi guzashtand. Amaliyoti vatandustonro aholii mamlakat faolona dastgiri mekard. Yanvar — fevral dar 50 korkhonai kaloni sanoati va dar chandin idorahoi davlati mehnatkashon ba tavri ommavi korpartoi kardand. Qushunhoi hukumati misli peshtara bar ziddi mehnatkashon amaliyoti jazodihi meguzaronidand. 28 marti 1982 ba nom intikhoboti umumii demokrati shuda guzasht. Tahti nazorati sakhti politsiya aholi ba hayati Assambleyai konstitutsioni 60 deputat intikhob kard, Assambleyai konstitutsioni mohi aprel to qabul shudani konstitutsiyai nav prezidenti muvaqqati tain namud. 2 may prezident muvaqqati — A. Magana va 3 noib-prezident qasam yod kardand, hukumat tashkil karda shud. Fronti revolyutsioni-demokrati va ozodkunii millii ba nomi Farabundo Marti ba intikhoboti mohi mart ba Assambleyai konstitutsioni hamchun ba tarzi raftori navi impe-rializmi IMA va doirahoi hukmroni Salvador baho medod, chunki on ba muqobili khalqi Salvador ravona karda shuda bud.
Dar zarfi tamomi sol otryadhoi Fronti ozodkunii millii ba nomi Farabundo Marti dar nohiyahoi gunoguni mamlakat bo qushunhoi hukumati janghoi shadid burdand. Mohi yanvar shurishgaron ba bazai harbi va aerodromi Ilopango hujum kardand. Dar rafti tamomi sol amaliyoti partizanho qat nagardid.
Dar siyosati khoriji hukumati Salvador misli peshtara IMA-ro, ki on Salvadorro ba sifati platsdarm dar muboriza bar ziddi Nikaragua istifoda burdani bud, dastgiri mekard. Mohi dekabr A. Magana dar Kosta-Rika bo prezidenti IMA R. Reygan vokhurda bo u muloqot kard. Ibtidoi soli 1983 otryadhoi Fronti oodkunii millii ba nomi Farabundo Marti ba hujumi qati guzashta dar departamenthoi Usulutan, San-Migel va gayra chandin punkthoi aholinishinro ba dast darovardand. Mohi aprel vaziri mudofia X. Gilermo Garsiya ba istefo baromad, ba joi u E. Vndes Kasanova tain shud. Mohi setyabr dar San-Salvador namoishi kalon barpo shud, ki dar on taqriban 15 hazor kas ishtirok kard. Tiramoh dar departamenthoi Chalatonango, Usulutan, Morasan, San-Migel organhoi khudidorakunii khalqi barpo shudand.
Partiyahoi siyosi va ittifoqhoi kasaba. P a r t i ya i khristianii
demokrat i, tasisash 1960. Partiyai hukmron. Partiyai mador o i m i l l a t, tasisash 1961. Manfiati burjuaziyai agrari-sanoati, moliyavi-tijorati va harbiyoni reaksionerro himoya mekunad. Haraka t i
kh a l q i i s o ts i a l-kh r i s t i a n i, tasisash 1960. Ba Fronti revolyutsioni-demokrati dokhil meshavad; tashkilot va partiyahoi progressivii demokratro muttahid mekunad. Ha ra k a ti millii revol yutsioni, tasisash 1967. Manfiati burjuaziyai khurd, yak qismi mehnatkashon, ziyoiyoni peshqadam, studentonro ifoda mekunad. Ittif o q i millatparasti r espu b l i k a v i, tasisash 1981. Partiyai ultrai rost. Partiyai Kommunistii Salvador, tasisash 1930. Dar vaziyati gayrilegali amal mekunad. Komitet i ya g o nagii i t t i f o q h o i kasaba, tasisash 1980. Konfederatsiyai u m i i i t t i f o q h o i
k a s ab a, tasisash 1958. Tahti nazorati hukumat.
Iqtisodiyot. Salvador mamlakatt susttaraqqikardai agrari buda, asosan baroi eksport ziroati khojagii qishloq istehsol mekunad. Dar iqtisodiyoti Salvador kapitali khoriji (asosan kapitali IMA) roli kalon mebozad. Az 2/3 territoriyai mamlakatro zaminhoi khojagii qishloq ishgol namudaast, ki 49% on kishtzor, 51% on margzoru charogoh ast. Shaklhoi gunoguni ijorai zamin va istismori nimfeodali vujud dorand. Qarib 2/5 hissai arzishi mahsuloti khojagii qishloqro ziroati eksporti — qahva medihad. Salvador az jihati istehsoli qahva dar Amerikai Lotini (badi Braziliya va Kolumbiya) dar joi seyum meistad. Badi Jangi duyumi jahoni pakhta niz yake az ziroathoi asosii eksporti mamlakat gardid. Baroi ehtiyojoti khudi mamlakat juvorimakka, lubiyo, sholi, pakhta, qahva va gayra parvarish karda meshavad. Soli 1980 mamlakat 1440 hazor sar gov, 421 hazor sar khuk va 90 hazor cap asp dosht.
Sanoat asosan az korkhonahoi korkardi ashyoi khomi khojagii qishloq iborat ast. Sohahoi asosii sanoatt khurokvori: istehsoli qand, ord, tamoku va gayra. Sanoati bofandagi taraqqi kardaast. Dar Salvador fabrikahoi poyafzol, duzandagi va digar fabrikaho mavjudand. Dar shahri Akakhutla zavodhoi korkardi neft va sement kor mekunand. Soli 1981 dar Salvador 1560 mln kVt-e quvvai elektr istehsol karda shud. Darozii rohi ohan qarib 700 km (1980), rohhoi avtomobilgard 10,7 hazor km.
Nigahdorii tandurusti. Solhoi 1980 ba 1 hazor aholi 40,7 tavallud, 8,6 favt va ba 1 hazor nafar kudaki navzod 52,5 favt rost omad. Darozii miyonai umr—58 sol. Bemarihoi siroyati, varaja, jimoi, sil, medayu ruda va gayra pahn shudaand. Salvador ziyoda az 80 bemorkhokha dorad, ki dar onho 952 dukhtur (1 dukhtur ba 3,6 hazor nafar aholi), 372 dukhturi dandon va qarib 4 haz, kormandi miyonai tib kor mekunand.
Maorif. Dar territoriyai hozirai Salvador avvalin maktabho (missioneri) dar asri 16 kushoda shudand. Dar asri 19 maktabhoi dunyavii malumoti umumi paydo shudand. Sistemai maorifi hozirai on az bogchahoi bachagonai davlati, munisipali va shakhsi, maktabi ibtidoii 6-solai hatmi, maktabhoi miyonai 5-solai shahri va maktabhoi 2—4-solai deha va gayra iborat ast. Solhoi 1980 dar muassisahoi tomaktabi 24,2 hazor kudak tarbiya meyoft. Dar 2787 maktabi ibtidoi qarib 510 hazor, dar maktabhoi malumoti umumii miyona 60,9 hazor, dar maktabhoi kasbomuzi 27,4 hazor talaba mekhond. Maktabhoi oli: Universiteti Salvador (tasisash 1841) va Universiteti khususii Amerikai Markazi (tasisash 1965) dar San-Salvador, Iniversiteti tekhnikii Amerikai Markazi dar Nueva-San-Sal- vador va gayra. Dar maktabhoi oli besh az 12 hazor student mekhond. Dar San- Salvador Kitobkhonai milli (tasisash 1870), Muzeyi milli (tasisash 1863), bogi hayvonot va botaniki hastand.
Matbuot, radio, televizion. Soli 1975-um 48 nashriyai davri, az on jumla 12 gazetai harruza az chop mebaromad. Gazetahoi kalontarini San- Salvador: «Diario de oy» («E1 Diario deHoy»), az soli 1936 «Diario latino» («Diario Latino»), az soli 1890; «Diario ofisyal» («Diario Oficiah), az soli 1875, organi hukumati; «Mundo» («E1 Mundo»); «Verdad» («La Ver- dad»), organi KM Partiyai kommunist Dar Salvador yak radiostansiyai hukumati va 50 shirkati radioshunavoni, 4 stansiyai televizion kor mekunad.
Adabiyot. Az hindihoi mayya-kicho khati qadimae boqist, ki hanuz muammoyashro nakushodaand. Adabiyote, ki to asri 19 ba zaboni ispani talif shuda bud, asosan kharakteri dini dosht. Adabiyoti milly badi istiqloliyat (1841) inkishof yoft. Nazmi nimai asri 19 beshtar romantiki bud: M. Alvares Kastro (1795—1856), E. Oyos (1810—1859, majmuai sherhoi «Apostrofho»), X. X. Kapyas (1826— 1918) — muallifi gimni milli va sherhoi vatanparvari va digar namoyandagoni in janr budand. Bad ba joi romantizm «modernizm» omad, ki mashhurtarin namoyandai on payravi R. Dario F. Gavidia (1863— 1955) bud. Dar «Asarho»-i u (1913) idealhoi demokrati ifoda yoftaand. S. Salasar Arruz (takhallusash Salarruz) dar hikoyathoi khud haqiqatro inikos menamoyad. Badi Jangi duyumi jahoni dar adabiyoti Salvador goyahoi ijtimoi maqomi makhsus paydo kard. M. A. Espino (1902—1967) dar romanash «Odamon va marg» (1947) istismori berahmonai batrakonro ba qalam medihad. Romani «Mardhoi haqiqi»-i (1959) K. A. Kastro (tavalludash 1926) az hayoti hindiyon ast. Ashori O. Eskobar Velado (1918—1961), R. Dalton Garsia (tavalludash 1935) va digaron ba mavzuhoi ijtimoi bakhshida shuda ast.
Memori va sanati tasviri. Madaniyati qadimai hindihoi Salvador dar G. d. Lempa bo tamadduni territoriyai janubi Meksika, Gvatemala va Gonduras joi tubbozihoi marosimi, mujassamahoi sangini khudoho va gayraho) va dar Sh. d. Lempa bo madaniyati territoriyai Nikaragua va Kosta-Rika (istehkomhoi pokhsaginu sangin, sangi osiyo bo naqshhoi sari hayvonho, zarfho va gayraho) aloqamand bud. Sanati memorii Salvador dar davrai mustamlikavi ba memorii Gvatemala payravi mekard (dar shahrho sokhtani binohoi yakoshyona, kalisohoi past, ki daromadgohi peshtoqdori onho naqshunigor va kandakori karda meshudand, rasm gardid). Tanho dar nmai duyumi soli 1940 ba sokhtani binohoi zamonavi (bankho, mehmonkhonaho, idoraho va gayraho; memoron A. Sol va E de Sola) shuru namudand. Sanati tasvirii asri 20 Salvador bo tasiri sanati tasvirii Evropa va Meksika inkishof yoft. Rassom Salvador Sallrrue avvalin shuda hayoti khalqro tasvir kardaast. Baroi pahn shudani goyahoi peshqadam dar sanati rassomi va grafikai Meksika hissai X. Mekhia Vides buzurg ast. Sanati ananavii khalqii Salvador az davrahoi qadim mamul gashtaast.