Jumhurii EKVADOR

EKVADOR, respublikai Ekvador (Ekvador), (Rcpublica del Ecuador), davlatest dar shim. garbi Amerikai Janubi. Masoh. 283,6 haz. km2 (yakjoya bo hoziraho). Aholiash 9,3 mln naf. (1985); 40% hinduhoi amerikoi, 40% duragaho, 10% safedpustho va 10% zangiho. Zaboni rasmi — ispani. Dini hukmron — katoliki. Poytakhtash Kito. 20 muzofot dorad. Sardori davlat va hukumat — prezident. Organi olii qonunbaror — Kongressi milli.

E. asosan dar arzhoi ekvatori voqe gashtaast. Ba 3 qismi asosi taqsim meshavad: Orente — dar shim. sharq, Serra — dar markaz va Kosta — dar garb. Orente hamvorihoi nazdikuhist, balandiash 180—700 m buda, bo beshahoi sernami ekvatori (gileya) pushida shudaast. Serra az du qatorkuhi asosi iborat ast: Kordilerahoi Sharqi va Garbi, ki vulqonhoi khomushshuda (Chimboraso, 6267 m) va amalkunanda (Kotopakhi va g.) dorand; nishebii kuhhoro beshahoi sernam va pushtakuhkhoi baynikuhiyu khamidoro margzorho faro giriftaand. Kosta pastihoi nazdikuhi va pushtakuhhoi nazdisohiliro dar bar megirad; dar shimolash beshahoi sarnami tropiki va dar janubi on dashthoi khushk va nimbiyobonhoi buttazor voqe gashtaand. 52% hududi E. beshazor ast. Iqlimat ekvatori, ekvatorii kuhi va dar janub subekvatori. Haror. miyonai mohona dar Kito qarib 13°S, dar janub az 23 to 27*S. Borishoti solona az 100 mm (dar jan.) to 6000 mm dar nishebihoi sharkii kuhoi And. Daryohoi kalonash: Guayas, Putumayo, Napo, Tigre.

Az qadim dar hududi E. qabilahoi hinduho zindagi mekardand; dar a. 15 in joyhoro ingho va dar a. 16 konkistadorhoi ispani zabt namudand. Dar vaqti hukmronii mustamlikadoroni ispani shaklhoi gunoguni istismori feodali va zahmati gulomoni zangii az Afrika ovardashuda vujud dosht. Dar rafti Jang baroi istiqloliyati mustamlikahoi ispani dar Amerika (1810—26) hukmronii ispanho dar hududi E. sarnagun gasht (1822). To s. 1830 bo nomi Viloyati Kito dar hayati Kolumbiyai Kabir bud. Az s. 1830 davlati mustaqil — Respublika. S. 1852 gulomdori barham doda shud. Az okh. a. 19 dar E. kapitali khoriji (asosan anglisiyu pgimoliamerikoi) jori shud. S. 1926 partiyai kommunistii E. tasis yoft. Dar solhoi Jangi duyumi jahoni E. munosibatashro bo mamlakathoi bloki fashisti kand (1942). S-hoi 1944—46 ba hayati hokimiyat namoyandagoni kommunistho, sosialistho va dig. tashkilothoi demokrati dokhil shuda budand. Dar solhoi badijangi tobeiyati mamlakat ba monopoliyai amerikoi davom dosht. Badi tabadduloti davlatii s. 1972 hokimiyati garbiyon siyosatero pesh girift, ki baroi muhofizati istiqloliyat, boigarii milli va mustahkam kardani sektori davlati dar iqtisodiyot nigaronida shuda bud. S. 1979 hokimiyat ba dasti hukumati grajdani guzasht. Az s. 1945 E. bo SSSR aloqai diplomati dorad.

E. mamlakati agrari buda, iqtisodiyotash asosan ba kapitali ShMA va Britaniyai Kabir tobe ast. Zamindoroni kalon bisyorand. Qarib 23% hududi E. kishtukor karda meshavad. Ziroathoi asosii kh. q. banan (dar eksport dar jahon joy seyumro ishgol mekunad), qahva, kakao, sholi, juvorimakka, nayshakar, magzi norgil va soya. Sabzavot, arakhis, pakhta, tamoku niz kisht mekunand. Gov, khuk, gusfand, buz meparvarand. Neft, tillo, nuqra istikhroj karda meshavad. Sohahoi asosii sanoatash: tahvili neft, khurokvori, bofandagi. Tuli umumii r. o. 1169 km, rohhoi avtomobilgard 35,6 haz. km (1984).

Bandargohi kaloni bahriash: Balao Gualkil, La-Libertad. Ba khorija neft, banan, qahva, kakao mebarorad. Sharikoni tijoratiash: ShMA, Yaponiya, mamlakathoi EES va mamlakathoi Amerikai Lotini. Vodidi pul — sukre.