BOSNIYa VA HERSEGOVINA

BOSNIYa VA HERSEGOVINA (Bosna I Hercegovina), Jumhurii Bosniya va Hersogovina, davlat dar qismi janubi sharqii Avrupo, dar nimjazirai Balkan. Bo Khorva­tiya, Serbiya va Chernogoriya hamsarhad ast. Darozii khatti sarhadash dar khushki 1459 kilometr. Ba Bahri Adriatika roh dorad. Masohat 51129 kilometr². Aholiash 3,8 mln nafar (2012). Poytakhtash shahri Saraevo (Sa­roy). Bosniya va Hersegovina az du hududi mamuri – Federatsiyai Bosniya va Hersegovina (10 muzofot dorad) va Jumhurii Ser­biya, ki doroi 5 mintaqa ast (poytakhtash – Banya-Luka) iborat meboshad. Idhoi milli: Ruzi Istiqlol – 1 mart va Ruzi Milli – 25 noyabr. Vohidi pul: markai olmoni. Zabonhoi rasmi: bosni, khorvati va serbi.

Sokhti davlati. Sardori davlat – Rayosati kollektivi, ki dar hayati on se namoyanda (az jamiyati Bosniya, Ser­biya va Khorvatiya) dokhiland va ba muhlati 4 sol intikhob meshavand. Har yake az onho ba navbat, ba muddati 8 moh, Rayosatro sarvari mekunand. Maqomi qonunguzor – Assambleyai parlamentii dupalatagi (Skupshina) az Palatai namoyandagon (42 joy, 28 nafar az Bosniya va Hersegovina 14 nafar az Jumhurii Serbiya, ki tariqi raypursii kushod inti­khob meshavand) va Palatai mardumi (15 joy – 5 bosniyagi. 5 serbi va 5 khorvati, vakolatashon 4 sol) iborat ast, ki az tarafi parlament Federatsiyai Bosniya va Hersegovina va Jumhurii Serbiya intikhob meshavand. Maqomi olii ijroiya – Shuroi vaziron, ki onro Rayosat tasis medihad. Maqomi olii sudi – Sudi konstitutsioni, ki az 9 azo (4 nafar az Palatai namoyandagoni Bosniya va Hersegovina, 2 nafar az Assambleyai Millii Jumhurii Serbiya va 2 nafar az Sudi avrupoii huquqi inson) iborat ast. Bosniya va Hersegovina uzvi SMM, Fondi baynalmilalii asor, IDM va digar sozmonhoi baynalmilali meboshad. Munosibathoi diplomatii Bosniya va Hersegovina bo Tojikiston az 12 yanvari 1977 barqarorand. Qarorgohi safiri Bosniya va Hersegovina dar Tojikiston dar shahri Maskav. Holo (2012) munosibathoi dujonibai siyosii Tojikistonu Bosniya va Hersegovina bo mubodilai payomho mahdud buda, hanuz zaminai qarordodiyu huquqi muhayyo nagardidaast.

Tabiat. 90 darsadi tabiati Bosniya va Hersegovinaro kuhhoi javoni ba kuhnavardi muvofiq tashkil medihand. Qatorkuhi nisbatan tuloni – Dinor (balandiash 1913 m) dar sarhadi garbii Bosniya va Hersegovina joygir ast. Inchunin silsilakuhhoi Vranisa (balandiash to 2112 m), Vran (to 2074 m), Byelashnisa (to 2067) vomekhurand. Nuqtai balandtarini Bosniya va Hersegovina kuhi Miglich (2386 m) buda, dar qismi janubi sharqii mamlakat voqe ast. Kuhhoi Dinor az ohaksang, dolomit iborat buda, goru chohhoi ziyode dorad. Ba qismi garbiii mamlakat pastii Dunayi Miyona dokhil meshavad. Dar Bosniya va Hersegovina zakhirahoi ziyodi angishti tira, madani ohan, bok­sit mavjudand. Konhoi nuqra, surb va mangan niz dorad. Iqlimi pastihoi Dunayi Miyona va domanai kuhho mutadil. Harorati miyonai iyul 22-23° S, yanvar -1-2°S. Borishoti solona 600-700 mm. Dar navohii kuhi tobistonash mutadil, zimistonash khunuki qahratun (borishoti solona 1500-2500 mm). Iqlimi janubi mamlakat subtropiki va bahrimiyonazaminist. Daryohoi kalonash – Savo (shokhobi Dunay) va shokhobi on Drina. Shokhobhoi Savo: Bosna, Vrbas, Sano va Uno. Dar qismi janubii Bosniya va Hersegovina daryoi Neretva jorist, ki ba Bahri Adriatika merezad. Khoki Bosniya va Hersegovina asosan siyohkhok buda, dar nohiyahoi kuhi va domanakuhho khoki tirai jangali va pusidai karbonatdor ba nazar merasad. 46 darsadi Bosniya va Hersegovinaro beshazor faro giriftaast. Dar beshazorho darakhtoni bulut, olash, sanavbar, koj, kulkan (grab) meruyand. Dar navohii balandkuhash margzorhoi alpi vomekhurand. Dar beshazor silovsin, miri mushon, khirs, gurg, ruboh, guroz va gavazn boqi mondaand.

Hududhoi hifzshavandai Bosniya va Hersegovina boghoi millii Sutyeska, Kozara. Zaminjunbihoi kharobiovar va fururavii zamin khatarhoi tabiii Bosniya va Hersegovina ba hisob meravand. Mush­kili asosii ekologii Bosniya va Hersegovina nobudu kam shudani besha­zorho, inchunin chirkinshavii muhit az partovhoi korkhonahoi madangudozi meboshad.

Aholi. Hayati etnikii Bosniya va Hersegovinaro bosniyagiho (48%), serbho (37,1%), khorvatho (14,3%), yugoslaviyagiho, albaniyagiho, Makedoniyagiho, chernogoriyagiho va gayra tashkil medihand. Bosniyagiho dar qismi markazii mamlakat, serb­ho dar sharqu garb, khorvatho dar janub-garbi Bosniya va Hersegovina zindagi mekunand. Zaboni rasmi – bosniyagi, serbi va khor­vati buda, zaboni guftuguyashon qarib az ham digar farq namekunad. Navishti khorvatuo va bosniyagiuo bo khatti lotini, serbuo bo khatti kirilli surat megirad. 40 dar­sadi aholi mutaqidi dini islom (bosniyagiho va albaniyagiho), 31 darsad etiqodmandoni mazhabi pravoslavi (serbho, chernogoriyagiho, maqduniho), 15 darsad muta­qidi katolitsizm (khorvatho) va 14 darsadi aholi payravi dinhoi digar meboshand. Sinni miyonai umri aholi 78 sol: (mardon – 74,3, zanon – 81,9.). Zichii miyonai aholi – 78,6 nafar dar 1 kilometr². Qismati markazi va shimolii mam­lakat seraholi buda, qismati garbi va nohiyahoi kuhiston kamaholiand. Shahrhoi buzurgtarinash: Saraevo (Sa­roy), Banya-Luka, Zenitsa, Tuzla.

Tarikh. Dar avvali asri nav Bosniya va Hersegovina ba hayati muzofoti Illiriyi Imperiyai Rum dokhil bud. Az okhiri asri 6 dar on qabilahoi slavyani maskun shuda, bo aholii mahalli omezish yoftand va du viloyat – Bosniya va zamini Kholmro (miyonai asri 15 nomi Hersegovinaro girift) ba vujud ovardand. Dar asrhoi 8-12 khoki Bosniya va Hersegovina ba navbat zeri tasarrufi Rum, Majoriston va Khorvatiya qaror megirift. Dar okhiri asri 12 dini nasroni jori karda shud va dar hamin davra knyazigarii sohibistiqloli Bosniya, ki Gersegovina niz dar hayati on bud, tasis yoft va dar nimai 2-yumi asri 12 ba shohigari mubaddal gardid. Dar asri 15 onro Imperiyai Usmoni zeri tasarrufi khud darovard va qismi ziyodi aholii slavyani dini islomro qabul kard. In ashkhos asosan obidon va mutaqidoni mabadhoi shahri Rum va imperiyai Rum, inchunin aholii ba imtiyozhoi andoz niyozmandi shahru dehot va gayra budand. Mutaqidoni mazhabi pravoslavi va katoliki khele kam boqi mondand. Az bayni onho guruhi partizanii gaydukho ba vujud omad, ki baroi istiqlol ba muqobili turkho muboriza meburd. Badi isyoni Bosniya va Hersegovina va jangi bayni turkhovu rusho (1877-78) mamlakat, ki tibqi qarori kongressi Berlin sulhi San-Stefanro oid ba sohibistiqloli sokhib gashta bud (1878), az jonibi Imperiyai Avstriyavu Majoriston zabt karda shud. Badi posh khurdani Imperiyai Avstriyavu Majoriston Bosniya va Hersegovina ba hayati shohigarii serbho, khorvatho va sloveniyagiho vorid gardid (az soli 1929 shohigarii Yugoslaviya). Soli 1941 dar natijai az tarafi fashistoni olmoni torumor gardidani Yugoslaviya hududi Bosniya va Hersegovina ba hayati «Davlati mustaqili Khorvatiya»-i Ittihodi Olmon hamroh karda shud. Dar rafti jangi khalqi-ozodikhohi (1941-45) dar Yugoslaviya Bosniya va Hersegovina, ki markazi harakathoi partizanii ziddifashisti bud, ozod karda shud va yake az shash jumhurihoi Jumhurii Khalqii Federativii Yugoslaviya (dertar Jumhurii Sotsialistii Federativii Yugosla­viya) gardid. Soli 1990 dar Bosniya va Hersegovina bori nakhust raypursii bisyorhizbi dar parlament barguzor shud. Dar natija ba sari hokimiyat hizbhoe omadand, ki az guruhi milli-dini (bosniyagihoi musulmon, serbho, khorvatho) budand. Bayni onho muborizai siyosi dar masalai sokhti davlatdorii oyanda vusat meyoft. Barnomai har se hizb bo ham muvofiqat namekard. Khorvatho talabgori on budand, ki tamomi mamlakat yo khud dar kamtarin holat nohiyahoe, ki dar onho khorvatho mezistand, bo Khorvatiya muttahid sha­vad. Serbho baroi ba Serbiya hamroh shudan dar doirai Federatsiyai Yugoslaviya talosh mevarzidand, bosniyagiho baroi dar tamomi hududi mamlakat bunyod gardidani davlati muttahidi musulmoni jahdu kushish menamudand. Sozishi muvaqqati dar vaziyati baamalomada rohi tasisi nihodi hukmronii kollektivonaro paydo kard, ki dar rayosati Bosniya va Hersegovina namoyandagoni ham jamiyati bosniyagi, ham serbiyagi va ham khorvati dokhil budand. Muvozinai nopoydor badi az hayati Yugoslaviya baromadani Sloveniya va Khorvatiya (iyuni 1991) barham khurd. Sarvari hokimiyati qonunbarori Bosniya va Hersegovina Aliya Izzatbekovich az hukumati Yugoslaviya talab namud, ki istiqloli Bosniya va Hersegovina etirof karda shavad. Apreli 1992 ba Bosniya va Hersegovina huquqi sohibistiqloli doda shud va on hamchun davlati Ittihodi Avrupo va IMA etirof gardid. Dar in muddat vakiloni serbiyagi tarki parlumon kardand va tasisi Jumhurii Serbiyaro ba miyon guzoshtand. On zamon khorvatho niz tasisi davlati Gerseg-Bosnaro elon namudand. Soli 1992 amaliyoti jangi bayni tarafhoi muqobilaqida vusat yoft. Ba serbhoi bosniyagi az jonibi hukumati Serbiya, ki sarvarash Slobodan Miloshevich bud va Lashkari Mardumii Yugoslaviya yoriyu dastgiri merasid. Dar in jang az hama beshtar musulmonho sarkub karda shudand (qarib 8 hazor nafar dar natijai amaliyo­ti jangi bo sarvarii generali serbi Rato Mladich kushta shudand). Shumorai umumii qurboniyoni in jang ba 100-110 hazor nafar va gurezaho to ba 2,2 mln nafar rasida bud, ki dar tarikh badi Jangi duyumi jahoni az hama kharobiovartarin jang ba hisob meraft. Dar dehoti Bikavas 27 iyuni 1992 az tarafi serbho 70 nafar bosniyagii musulmon zinda suzonda shudand. Ittihodi Avrupo va SMM baroi ba nizom darovardani vaziyati baamalomada mudokhila namuda, chorahoi zaruri andeshidand. Soli 1995 baroi barham dodani jang yak qator naqshahoi sulhjuyona peshnihod karda shud. Dar hududi Bosniya va Hersegovina tasis dodani yak davlat tahti rohbarii hukumati koalitsioni az hisobi se khalqi asosi, ki bayni ham munosibathoi tezu tund doshtand, yake az sharthoi asosii in naqsha budand. Dar natijai jiddu jahdi Ittihodi sulh va dar rafti guftushunidi Deyton (IMA), ki noyab­ri 1995 bayni peshvoyoni Bosniya, Yugoslaviya va Khorvatiya bo ishtiroki namoyandagoni Russiya, IMA va Ittihodi Avrupo surat girifta bud, Sozishnomai sulh oid ba ni­zom darovardani nizoi bosniyagikho peshnihod karda shud. Dekabri 1995 dar Poris hujjathoi Sozishnomai sulh ba imzo rasid. Sozishnomai Deyton tasisi Maqomoti yagonai idorakunandaro baroi tamomi Bosniya va Hersegovina va dar mamla­kat mavjud budani du davlat-Federatsiyai  Bosniya va Hersegovina va Jumhurii Serbiyaro barrasi namud.

Dar Bosniya va Hersegovina ziyoda az 30 hizbi siyosi va muttahid amal mekunand, ki dar asosi milliyu dini bunyod shudaand. Hizbi amaliyoti demokrati. Hizbi baroi Bosniya va Khersogovina, Ittihodi demokratii Khorvatiya, Ittihodi millii Serbiya, Hizbi sotsial-demokrathoi mustaqil, Hizbi sotsialistii Jumhurii Serbiya, Hizbi demokra­tii Serbiya nisbatan bonufuzand.

Iqtisodiyot. Bosniya va Hersegovina dar Avrupo az jihati hajmi MMD yake az joyhoi okhirinro ishgol menamoyad. Siyosati iqtisodii Bosniya va Hersegovina ba du samt ravona karda shudaast: barqaror kardani kharobkorihoi khojagii zamoni jang va jori namudani islohot dar asosi munosibathoi bozori. Iqtiso­diyot beshtar bo kumaki moliyavii baynalmilali barqa­ror karda meshavad. Bosniya va Hersegovina baroi dokhil shudan ba Ittihodi Avrupo barnomai vasei khususigardonii sohahoi sanoatiro qabul namud, ki on baroi jalbi mablagguzori (investitsiya)-hoi khoriji imkon faroham ovard. Soli 2010 hajmi MMD 16,202 mlrd dollarro tashkil medod, ki 30 darsadi on ba hissai mahsuloti sanoat, 14,2 % ba kishovarzi va 55% ba sohai khidmatrasoni va digar sohaho rost meoyad. Istehsoli nerui barq dar yak sol 10,5 mlrd kVt soat. Sanoati istikhroji madan niz dar iqtisodiyoti Bosniya va Hersegovina mavqei buzurg dorad. Asosi sohai sanoa­ti istikhroji madanro istikhroji madani ohan (Lyubiya, Varesh), angishti tira (dar nazdikii Bielina, Srebinye, Trebine, Doboy, Mostar), boksit (Vlasenisa, Yayse, Lyubine, Bosanska-Krupa) tashkil medihad. Inchunin istikhroji namaki oshi, barit, asbest, ohaksang va sangi marmar rohandozi shudaast. Dar korkhonahoi filizzot (metallurgiya)-i siyoh va rangai mamlakat pulod, alyuminiy, mis, surb, ruh va khulai ohan gudokhta meshavand (dar Zenisa, Tuzla, Mostar, Banya-Luka, Varesh, Zvornik). Kor­khonahoi buzurgi moshinsozi (zavodi korkardi fillizot, zavodi istehsoli avtomashina va tajhizot) dar Banya-Luka voqe buda, dar shahri Kopachi noqili barq istehsol karda meshavand. Sanoati kimiyo niz sohai muhim buda, asosan ishqori azot, soda, lokho, vositahoi rangdeh, mavoddi shustushuy va lavozimoti tibbi istehsol mekunad. Dar shahrhoi Bosanki-Brod va Modrich du korkhonai korkardi naft, dar Vlasenise, Bratunase, Saraevo, Banya-Luka korkhonahoi korkardi chub va istehsoli sellyulozavu kogaz faoliyat dorand. Sohai asosii sanoati khurokvori istehsoli mahsuloti gushti, qannodi, marmalod, konservai sabzavot va sharobpazi meboshad.

Sohai asosii kishovarzii Bosniya va Hersegovina rustaniparvari buda, ziroathoi galladona – gandum, juvori, javdor, jav va ziroathoi tekhniki – lablabui qand, tamoku, oftobparast parvarish mekunand. Kartoshka, sabzavot (pomidor, qalanfur, ka­ram, sabzi, piyoz, sir), mevajot (seb, olu, nok, tamashk, qulfinay) niz meparvarand. Dar janubi mamlakat tokdori, parvarishi manda­rin, shaftolu va zardolu rivoj dorad. Ba par­varishi gov, gusfand, khuk va paranda mashguland. Khojagii jangali Bosniya va Hersegovina niz gani buda, sole 10,5 mln m³ chubu takhta tayyor meku­nad. Sanoati mohidori niz taraqqi kardaast.

Naqliyot. Darozii umumii khatti rohi ohan 1021 kilometr, ki az on 795 kilometr rohi barqi ast. Khathoi muhimmi rohi ohani mamlakat: Ploche-Mostar-Saraevo-Zenitsa-Doboy-Bosanski- Shamas; Bikhach-Bosansk-Novi-Priedor-Banya-Luka-Doboy-Tuzla. Darozii ummii rohi avtomobilgard 21846 kilometr, az on 11424 kilometr bo asfalt pushida shudaast. Naqliyoti avtomo­bili vositai asosii kashondani bor va musofiron ast. Darozii khatti lulai intiqoli naft-9 kilometr, lulai intiqoli gaz— 170 kilometr. Az tariqi bandari bahrii Khorvatiya sole az Bosniya va Hersegovina 5 mln tonna bor kashonida meshavad. Bosniya va Hersegovina 27 aeroport, az jumla aeroporti baynalmilali (dar shahri Saraevo) dorad.

Bosniya va Hersegovina ba khorija khulai alyuminiy, khulai ohan, mahsuloti chub va chubu takhta, quvvai barq va gayra sodir namuda, az khorija tajhizoti sanoat, mahsuloti sanoati sabuk vorid menamoyad. Bosniya va Hersegovina asosan bo Khorvatiya, Sloveniya, Olmon, Itoliyo, Avstriya, Turkiya, Majoriston robitahoi iqtisodi dorad. Aholii qobili kor – 2,6 mln, qarib 19 darsadi aholi dar holati qashshoqi qaror dorand. Sohai sayyohi dar holati barqarorshavi ast. To zamoni nizoi harbi in soha daromadnok buda, 2,5 darsadi MMD-i mamlakatro tashkil medod. Ayni zamon mavzehoi jolibu tamoshobob va baroi sayyohii lijaroni muvofiq dar nohiyahoi kuhii Yakhorina, Belashnisa, chashmahoi obhoi minerali dar nazdikii Saraevo, Tuzla, Teslicha, Olovo, Srebrenisa, Vishegrad mavjudand. Sohilhoi Bahri Ad­riatika dar yak sol 270 ruzi oftobi doshta, baroi rivoji osoishgohi iqlimi muvofiq ast.

Nigahdorii tandurusti. Ba in soha 10, 9 darsadi MMD rost meoyad. Soli 2010 ba har 10 hazor nafar aholi 14,6 tabib va 31 kati bemori rost meomad. Bo kumaki tashkilothoi baynalmilali bemorkhonahoi kharobgashta barqaror va bemorkhonahoi navu zamonavi bunyod karda shudand.

Varzish. Kumitai olimpii Bosniya va Hersegovina soli 1992 tasis yoftaast, varzishgaron az soli 2000 dar Bozihoi olimpi shirkat varzida, dar musobiqahoi baynalmilali oid ba varzishi sabuk, voleybol, gandbol, badminton, tennis, shinovari quvvaozmoi mekunand. Namudhoi mamultarini varzish dar Bosniya va Hersegovina – basketbol va futbol. Dzyudo, ka­rate, kikboksing, sambo, boks niz rivoj yoftaast. Yake az voqeahoi muhimmi varzishii Bosniya va Hersegovina in barguzorii Bo­zihoi olimpii 14-umi zimistoni dar shahri Saraevo (1984) meboshad.

Maorif. Malumoti tomaktabi dar bogchahoi bachagon baroi kudakoni 3-7-sola doda meshavad. Dar mamlakat nizomi talimi hatmii miyona jori karda shudaast va talim az 3 zina iborat ast: zinai avval – maktabi 8-solai tahsiloti asosi baroi kudakhoi 7-11-sola va 11-15 sola, zinai duyum – gimnaziyahoi 4-sola yo khud maktabhoi miyonai kasbi-tekhniki baroi navrasoni 15-19-sola; zi­nai seyum donishgohho. Malumoti olii darajai 1-um (2-3 soli talim), darajai 2-yum (malumoti kasbi dar har sohai ilmhoi gunogun va sanat – 4–5 soli talim), darajai 3-yum (magistr bo omodasozii loihai tahqiqot), zinai 4-um (doktori ilm bo himoyai risola) muqarrar shudaast. Dar Bosniya va Hersegovina 4 donishgoh: dar Saraevo (1949), Banya-Luka, Mostar, Tuzla (1970), akademiyaho, kolleji omuzgori dar Bielin, akademiyai omuzgorii 2-sola (ba­roi bogchai bachagon murabbiyaho va baroi maktabhoi miyo­nai tahsiloti umumi omuzgoron tayyor mekunad) mavjudand. Omuzgoroni maktabhoi miyonai makhsus dar donishgoh talim megirand. AI Bosniya va Hersegovina soli 1966 dar Saraevo tasis yoftaast. Instituthoi tahqiqoti ilmi niz mavjudand.

Adabiyot. Kitobi nakhustin dar Bosniya va Hersegovina ba zaboni glagoli va kirilli navishta shuda, khususiyati dini dosht. Badi zabti Imperiyai Usmoni faoliyati adabi ba raviyaho (jamiyatho-obshinaho)-i dini nigaronda shuda bud. Adiboni musulmoni bosniyagi asarhoi khudro ba zabonhoi arabi, turki, forsi va khorvati talif mekardand. Davrai ehyoi millii khorvatu serbho dar asri 19 dar asar­hoi navisandagon inikos megardid. Az bayni ejodkoroni khorvati rohib Ivan Frano Yukich, ki sarmuharriri nakhustin majallai adabii Bosniya va Hersegovina – «Bosanskiy priya­tel» bud, az navisandagoni serbi Sima Milutinovich, Nikifor Ninkovich mashhur budand. Dar asri 20 navisanda Ivo Andrich shuhrati jahoniro sohib gardida, ba­roi asari khud «Pul tariqi Drina» sazovori Mukofoti nobeli shud. U voqeahoi tarikhi va muhoribai bayni yahudiyonu musulmonho va katolikhoro dar tuli solhoi 1516-1914 navishtaast. Bayni navisandagoni asri 20 asar­hoi Mahmad Mesha Salimovich (zodai shahri Tuzla) mamul gardida bud.

Memori, sanati tasviri va oroishi. Dar Bosniya va Hersegovina yodgorhoi sanati memorii davrai keltho, illiriyagiho va dimnahoi mansubi madaniyati Rumi Qadim (Domavium, nomi peshinaash Domaviya), madaniyati asrimiyonagii romani va gotika boqi mondaand. Dar davrai kishvarkushoiho va hukmronii Imperiyai Usmoni dar sanati memorii Bosniya va Hersegovina uslubi memorii islomi rivoj yoft va on dar osori binosoziyu yodgorhoi memorii Abdulmannon Sinon ba avji inkishof rasid. Puli sangini Vishegrad, ki iborat az 11 ravoq va 180 m buda, dar boloi daryoi Drina bunyod shudaast, namunai osori muhimmi uslubi sanati muhandisii asrimiyonagii turki ba hisob meravad va soli 2007 ba Ruykhatti Merosi umumijahonii YuNESKO dokhil karda shudaast. Inchunin Masjidi Sulton, ki dar shahri Saraevo bunyod gashta, ba sharafi sulton Sulaymoni I nomguzori shudaast, yake az qadimtarin yod­gorhoi memorii Bosniya va Hersegovina meboshad. Namudi khossi binohoi qadimii Bosniya va Hersegovina az qalahoi mudofiavi va imorathoi duoshyonai pushishash chorpahlu iboratand. Dar dav­rai hukmronii avstriyagiho imorathoi buzurg bo uslubi mavritani sokhta meshudand. Namunai olii uslubi me­morii modernizm dar miyonahoi asri 20 dar inshooti dar shahri Saraevo bunyodgashta (memor Yu. Neydkhart) zuhur yofta, solhoi 1920-40 uslubi millii memori (musavvarahoi Sh. Bosharich, V. Dimitrievich, I. Muezinovich) vusat yoft. Sanoei kuloli, naqqoshi dar ruyi safol, qolinbofi, gulduzi, bakhyaduzi bo muhra va gayra khele taraqqi kardand

Osorkhona, matbuot, radio, televizion. Dar shahri Saraevo Osorkhonai millii Bosniya va Hersegovina nigoristoni musavvaraho, kitobkhonai milli (1945), dar Tuzla kitobkhonahoi ommavi, donishgohi va mintaqavii «Dervis Susik» (1946; ba sharafi navisanda va sobiq direktori kitobkhona nomguzori shudaast) mavjudand. Ruznomai buzurgtarini mamlakat «Oslobodene» (1943) dar shahri Saraevo nashr me­shavad. Barnomahoi radio va televizioni davlati dar Bosniya va Hersegovina dar 4 shabakai radioi va 2 shabakai televizioni pakhsh megardad.

Adabiyot: Istoriya Serbii i Chernogorii, Bosniya, Gersegovina, Make­doniya, Sloveniya, Khorvatiya. Moskva,  2002; Novaya rossiyskaya ensiklope­diya. T. III (1). Moskva,  2007; Strani mira. Sovremenniy spravochnik. Moskva,  2008.