BOShQIRDISTON

BOShQIRDISTON, Jumhurii Boshqirdistoi (boshqirdi Bashkortostan Respublikasi), subekti Federatsiya Russiya. Dar domanai kuhi Urali Janubi joygir buda, az shimol bo viloyathoi Perm va Sverdlovsk, az sharq bo Chelya­binsk, az janub bo Orenburg, az garb bo Jumhurii Totoriston, az shimoli garb bo Jumhurii Udmurdiston hamsarhad ast. Mansubi okrugi federalii Privoljsk. Masohatash 143,6 hazor km². Aholiash 4,1 mln nafar (2013). Poytakhtash shahri Ufa.

Sokhti davlati. Boshqirdiston jumhurii prezidentist. Konstitutsiyai amalkunanda soli 1993 qabul shudaast. Sardori davlat prezident, ki dar Majlisi davlati – Qurultoy bo peshnihodi Prezidenti Federatsiyai Russiya intikhob meshavad. Maqomi olii qonunbaror Majlisi davlatii dupalatagi – Qurultoy, ki iborat az Majlisi (palatai) qonunbaror va Majlisi (palatai) namoyandagon ast. Maqomi olii qonunbaror – Shuroi vaziron bo sarvarii sarvazir. Maqomoti olii sudi – Sudi oli va Sudi hakami. Az jihati mamuri az 21 shahri tobei jumhuri, 54 nohiya, 40 shahrak va 945 jamoati dehot iborat ast.

Tabiat. Qismi garbii Boshqirdiston hamvor buda, qismi sharqiash asosan kuhsor ast. Dar in jo Urali Janubi khele ba­land meboshad (qullai kuhi Yamontov, 1640 metr). Iqlimash kontinentali. Harorati miyonai yanvar — 18°S, iyul +18°S. Borishoti miyonai solona dar nazdikii Ural 400 500 millimetr, dar pasi Ural qarib to 300 millimetr. Daryohoi asosii Boshqirdiston: Belaya (Agidel 1430 kilometr) va shokhobhoi on, Ufa (918 kilometr), Dyoma (535 kilometr), Nugush (235 kilometr), Sim (239 kilometr), Ashkadar (165 kilometr), Sterlya (94 kilometr). Dar Ural kulhoi ziyode (qarib 2700) mavjudand, ki buzurgtarinashon Aslikul (18,5 km²) va Kandrikul (12 km²) meboshand va dar onho 40 namud mohi hast. Khokash siyohzamin, khokistarrangi jangali, khokistari va chimzamini khokistarrang, gumusu karbonatdor va gayra. Beshtar az 40 darsadi hududi Boshqirdiston jangalzor buda, zakhi­rai chub ziyod ast. Darakhtoni sanavbari pahnbarg, bulut, suzanbargi siyoh va tus meruyand. Boshqirdiston az jihati sarvathoi tabii gani buda, zakhirahoi buzurgi naft, gazi tabii, an­gishtsang, madani ohan, tilo, namaksang va gayra dorad. Ola­mi hayvonoti Boshqirdiston gunogun buda, hayvonot va parandagon (286 namud) bisyorand. Az jumla, khirs, sanjob, khargush, silovsin, savsor, burunduq, sagobi, yurmon, sugur, mirimushon, khargushi zard, kurmush, chilmurg, kabk, titav vomekhurand. Dar kulu daryohoi Boshqirdiston 47 namudi mohi mavjud ast, ki 13 namudi on ba Kitobi surkhi Boshqirdiston vorid karda shudaast. Az jumla, tosmohi, gulmohii daryoi, ozodmohii avrupoi, simmohi, rafidamohi, alomohi va sufmohi mavjudand. Hududhoi hifzshavandai Boshqirdiston: Bogi millii «Boshqirdiston», mamnugohhoi Boshqirdiston, Janubi Ural va Shulgan-Tosh. Dar hududi mamnugohi Shulgan-Tosh yake az gorhoi buzurgtarin dar Ural (mashhur bo nomi Kapova) mavjud ast, ki daroziash 3 kilometr ast. Masoili ekologii Boshqirdiston: nobud va kam shudani beshazorho, oludashavii obanboru margzor boisi kam shudani khuki vahshi (guroz), khirs, quqnduz, gavazn gardidaand. Dar Boshqirdiston namudhoi ziyodi parandagon (murgi saqqo, uqobi dashti, dugdog) niz nobud gashtaand.

Aholi. Dar Boshqirdiston namoyandagoni 30 khalqiyat zindagoni mekunand: az jumla, boshqirdho (22%), rusho (39%), totorho (28%), chuvashho va mariyho. Du zaboni rasmi – boshqirdi va rusi amal mekunad. Zichii miyonai aholi dar 1 km² 28,41 nafar (2013). 60,4 darsadi aholi dar shahrho maskun buda, sokinoni dehot 39,6 darsadro tashkil me­dihand. Ruhoniyoni boshqird asosan musulmononi sunnimazhaband. Dini pravoslavi niz pahn gardida, mazhabu aqidahoi ananavi nigoh doshta shudaand. Shahrhoi buzurgash: Ufa, Agidel, Neftekamsk, Eshimboy, Beloresk, Belebey.

Tarikh. Maskunshavii nakhustin dar hududi Boshqirdiston ba dav­rai poleolit rost meoyad. Dar asrhoi 3-2 to milod umumiyati farhangi tarikhii odamon muayyan gardida bud. Avva­lin malumoti khatti dar borai aholii Urali Janubi dar dastkhathoi muallifoni qadim dar hazorai 1-i to milod qayd gashtaast. Dar in davra avvalin shuda gunho ba hududi Boshqirdiston zada daromadand va az pasi khud aholii mahallii bodiyanishinro ovardand. Mashguliyati asosii qabilahoi maskuni Boshqirdiston dar asri birinji chorvodori va ziroat bud. Boshqirdho dar sarchashmahoi khattii arabi (Ibni Fazlon) dar asrhoi 9-10 bo nomi «boshjird», «bashgird» va «bashgurd» yod shudaand. Onho dar asrhoi 10-13 ba hayati Volgai Bulgoriya dokhil meshudand va dar biyobonhoi sohili Bahri Kaspiy, bayni daryohoi Volga va YOiiq zindagoni mekardand. Boshkirdho dar zamoni qabl az islom butparast budaand. Dertar ba in sarzamin dini islom va khatti arabi vorid shud. Soli 1229 ba Boshqirdiston mugulhovu totorho hamla kardand va on dar davomi 2 asr tobei Urdai Tiloi bud. Dar nimai 2-yumi asri 15 qismi janub va janubi sharqii Boshqirdiston tobei Urdai Tiloi Nugay, qismi garbiash ze­ri istiloi khonigarii Qazon va qismi shimoliash dar ikhtiyori khoni Sibir qaror dosht. Soli 1557 badi torumori khonii Qazon qismi beshtari hududi Boshqirdiston ikhtiyoran ba hayati Russiya dokhil shud va bad az in janghoi torojgaronai bayni qabilaho qat gardid, boshqirdho az hujumi mardumoni kuchii hamsoya emin shudand va baroi rushdi iqtisodu madaniyat sharoiti musoid faroham omad. Khalqi boshqird asosan dar asri 16 tashakkul yoft. Zulmi feodali va mustamlikavi, siyosati zuran rusgardoni (ba di­ni nasroni)-i aholii mahalli az tarafi Russiyai podshohkhi boisi qahru gazab va norozigii ommai boshqird va sababi shurishhoi buzurg (asrhoi 17-18) gardidand. Bosh­qirdho dar Jangi dehqonon bo sardorii E. I. Pugachyov faolona shirkat namudand. Solhoi 1798-1865 dar Boshqirdiston usu­li idorakunii kantoni jori shud, ki zimni on bosh­qirdho ba tabaqai makhsusi harbiyon tabdil yoftand. Badi barham dodani usuli kantoni yak qismi zaminhoi Orenburg ba gubernili Ufa, ki nav tasis yofta bud, doda shud. Badi inqilobi Fevrali va Oktyabri 1917, dekabri 1917 Majlisi muassisoni Boshqirdiston hukumati mahalliro tasis dod. Iyuli 1918 chekhhoi safed va gvardiyagiyoni safed Chelyabinsk, Ufa va Orenburgro ishgol namudand, hukumati gvardiya­giyoni safed va eserho tashkil shud. Dekabri 1918 bo qarori hukumati olii Russiya Artishi Surkh dar Boshqirdiston ba muqobili sipohiyoni gvardiyagiyoni safedi Kolchak hujum na­muda, onro torumor kardand. Marti 1919 Jumhurii Shuravii Sotsialistii Boshqirdiston (avvalin jumhurii mukhtori shuravi dar hayati JShSFR) tasis yoft va poytakhtash shahri Sterlitamak gardid. Iyuni 1922 hududi Boshqirdiston az hisobi uezdhoi guberniyai Ufa vase karda shuda, poytakht ba shahri Ufa kuchid. 11 oktyabri 1990 Shuroi Olii JMShS Bosh­qirdiston istiqloli davlatiro ba dast ovard. Az fevrali 1992 Respublikai Boshqortoston nom girift.

Iqtisodiyot. Boshqirdiston mamlakati industriyaviyu agrarii taraqqikardai Russiya meboshad. Hajmi MMD ba hissai mahsuloti sanoat 49,6 darsad, sohai kishovarzi va jangallarvari 8,2 darsad rost meoyad. Boshqirdiston yake az mintaqahoi istehsolu korkardi nafti Russiya va markazi muhimmi sanoati kimiyo va moshinasozi meboshad. Zavodhoi kor­kardi naft dar Ufa, Salavat va Eshimboi, zavodhoi korkardi gazi tabii dar Tuymazi va Priyutovo joy giriftand. Sanoati korkardi chub, filizzot va masolehi binokori niz rivoj yoftaast. Markazhoi muhimmi sanoati mamlakat shahrhoi Ufa, Sterlitamak, Eshimboy, Salavat, Neftekamsk, Tuymazi, Oktyabrskiy, Beloresk meboshand. Dar Boshqirdiston ba miqdori ziyod galla va mahsuloti khuroki chorvo, gandum, javdor, suli, marjumak, arzan va ziroati lubiyoi, inchunin lablabui qand parvarish karda meshavad. Sohai asosii chorvodori parvarishi govi gushtu shirdeh, gusfandi gushtu pashmdeh, inchunin parvarishi buzu asphoi khushzot ast. Dar Boshqirdiston zanburparvari niz rivoj yofta, az jihati ziyod kardani oilai zanbur, istehsoli asali alosifat dar Russiya joyi avvalro ishgol mekunad. Inchunin Boshqirdiston bo istehsoli shir, gusht, tukhm, galladona va kartoshka mashhur gashtaast. Boshqirdiston asosan bo 90 mamlakati dunyo robitai tijorativu iqtisodi dorad. Sharikoni tijoratiash Chekhiya, Bri­taniyai Kabir, Qazoqiston, Niderlandiya, Khitoy, Likhtenshteyn, Olmon, Finlandiya va Ukraina buda, asosan mahsuloti kimiyoi va naft sodir mekunad. Istehsoli nerui barq 25 mlrd kVt soatro tashkil mekunad, ki 90 darsadi on dar NBO va boqimonda dar NGB, ki asosan bo gaz kor mekunand, ba dast ovarda meshavad. NBO-i buzurgtarin Yumanguzinsk (iqtidorash 45 MVt).

Dar Boshqirdiston sohai sayyohi taraqqi kardaast, ki sole to 400 hazor sayyoh baroi istirohat va muolija meoyand. Az soli 1991 shirkati «Rohhoi havoii Boshqirdiston» faoliyat dorad. Aeroporti buzurgtarini Boshqirdiston dar shahri Ufa joygir ast. Boshqirdiston bo mamlakathoi Yunon, Khitoy, Amoroti Muttahidai Arab va Turkiya khatti sayri havoi dorad. Naqliyoti asosii Boshqirdiston rohi ohan buda, tariqi on bo shahrhoi Samara, Chelya­binsk, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk mepayvandad. Daryohoi kishtigardash – Belaya (Oq Idil) va Ufa. Az Tuymazi – Ufa, Eshimboy – Ufa va Eshimboy – Orsk lulahoi naftu gaz (4,5 hazor kilometr) meguzarand. Darozii rohhoi avtomobilgard 25 hazor kilometr.

Tandurusti. Dar Boshqirdiston 214 muassisai tandurusti, 430 darmongohu bungohi tibbi va ziyoda az 2 hazor bungohi feldsherivu akusheri ba aholi khidmat merasonand. Dar Boshqirdiston ziyoda az 50 chashmai obhoi madani, loyqai tabobati, obhoi garmi zerizamini ba qayd girifta shudaast, ki dar za­minai on osoishgohhoi iqlimi, tabobaggohho («Assi», «YOngantov», «Yumatovo», «Yaktikul», «Krasnousolsk», «Olkhovka», «Venetsiya», «Agidel», «Beryozka») bunyod shuda, ba­roi muolijai bemorihoi bugumdard, silsilai asab, medavu ruda, jigaru gurda, rohi masonavu talkhadon, dilu rag, rohhoi nafas va bemorihoi pust peshnihod meshavand.

Maorif va madaniyat. Soli 2013 dar sohai maorifi Boshqirdiston 3,4 hazor muassisahoi gunoguni talimi faoliyat doshta, dar onho ziyoda az 871,7 hazor kudakro 161,5 hazor omuzgor dars medodand. Hamchunin, dar mamlakat 1644 muassisai tomaktabi (az jumla, 12 muassisai khususi) mavjud buda, 25 muassisai tomaktabii nav bunyod gardid. Dar muassisahoi talimii Boshqirdiston talim ba zabonhoi boshqirdi, rusi, totori, chuvashi, mariygi, udmurdi, olmoni, ukraini ba roh monda shudaast. Kitobhoi darsi ba talabagon roygon doda meshavad. Dar Boshqirdiston sohai maorif bo qonunhoi makhsus tanzim megardad. Az soli 2012 tibqi loihai afzaliyatnoki millii «Maorif» baroi murabbiyonu omuzgorone, ki shogirdoni onho dar olimpiadaho, festivalho, musobiqahoi varzishi, ozmunhoi mintaqavi, umumirussiyavi va baynalmilali golib meoyand, mukofothoi puli muqarrar karda shudaast. Ba­roi shogirdoni alokhonu faoli sinfhoi ibtidoi idrorpuli (stipendiya)-i hukumati mamlakat tasis doda shudaast. Malumoti kasbi dar maktabhoi makhsusi tekhniki, badei, kishovarzi, tibbi va gayra, ki ba barnomai komili maktabi miyona asos yoftaand, omuzonda meshavad. Dar Boshqirdiston donishgohi davlati, donishgohi tibbi, Donishgohi pedagogii ba nomi M. Akmulla, Donishgohi aviatsioni – tekhnikii Ufa, akademiyai ijtimoi – omuzgori, Akademiyai davlatii peda­gogii ba nomi Zaynab Biisheva faoliyat dorand.

Adabiyot. Folklori mardumii boshqirdro hamosaho, dostonhoi tarikhi, surudhoi mardumi va afsonavu qissavu rivoyatho tashkil medihand, ki dar avvali asri 19 (asosan az tarafi olimoni rus) sabt va nashr shudan gi­riftand. Dar sheru surudhoi ozodikhohonai Salavat Yulyaaev hayoti mardum tarannum megardid. Navisandagoni asrhoi 18-19 (B. T. Yalsigul, Gali Sokriy, Sh. Ya. Zaki, G. Solehov) asosan ashori diniyu ahloqi ejod mekardand.

Dar arafai Inqilobi 1905-07 Majid Gafuri ba arsai adabiyot qadam nihoda, tarannumgari inqilob etirof karda shud. Majmuai «Parchami Surkh»-i u ba lirikai inqilobii mardumi boshqird zamina guzosht. Asarhoi M. Gafuri ba khazinai tiloii adabiyoti boshqird va totor vorid gardid. Ba adabiyoti shuravii boshqird adibon D. Yultiy, S. Kudash, G. Gumer, B. Eshemgul, I. Nosiri, T. Yanabi, H. Ibrohimov asos guzoshtand. Okhiri sol­hoi 20-umi asri 20 navisandagon S. Agish, G. Amantay, A. Karnay, R. Nemati, B. Valid, G. Khayri, S. Miftohov, B. Bakbay va digaron ba arsai adabiyot vorid shudand. Dar ruznomahoi harbi avvalii asarhoi shoiron Shamun Fidoi, Yarli Karim, munaqqid Sh. A. Khudoyberdin ba nashr rasidand. Solhoi 30-yum adabiyoti boshqird bo rohi realizmi sotsialisti taraqqi kard. Dar zamoni JBV (1941-45) nazm rivoj yoft. Adibon S. Kudash, Rashid Nemati, H. Karim, M. Karim va digaron beshtar dar mavzui jang sherho ejod mekardand.

Solhoi badi jang nasr inkishof yoft, Povestu romanhoi X. Davlatshina, S. Agish, 3. Biisheva, Q. Mergen, A. Vali, A. Bikchentaev, S. F. Kudash ejod shudand. Povesti S. F. Kudash «Ba istiqboli bahor» (1952) ba munosibati dustii adi­bon Gabdullo Tugay va Majid Gafuri ejod shudaast. Dar sohai tanqidi adabi, dramaturgiya, adabiyotshinosi, adabiyoti bachagona niz peshraviho ba dast ovarda shudand. Navisanda­gon N. Najmi, X. Gilyajev, G. Ramazonov, T. Arslon, I. Abdullin, N. Asanboev, M. Gali, M. Karimov va digaron az jumlai asosguzoroni adabiyoti muosiri boshqird meboshand. Ejodiyoti shoiri mardumii Boshqirdiston Mustay Karim ba aksari zabonho tarjumavu malum gardidaast.

Memori va sanati tasviri. Manzilgohi boshqirdhoi chorvodor asrhoi ziyod yurthoi vaslshavandai namadi (tirme) va chayla (kappa) dar mintaqai kuhiston bud. Badi ikhtiyoran ba Russiya hamroh shudani mardumi bosh­qird dar binosozii inshoothoi mazhabi (masjidho, marqadho va oromgohho) tasiri sanati memorii rus va bulgorho ba nazar merasad. Barobari binohoi chubin khonahoi sangin niz paydo shudand. Dar hududi Boshqirdiston katibahoi ruyisangii qadimtarini davroni paleolit (dar mintaqai Shulgan-Tosh), dar dafinavu qurgonho miqdori ziyodi zarfhoi safolii sernaqshu nigor, ashyoi oroishii filizzii naqshin va rasmi hayvonot bozyoft shudaast. Dar asrhoi 16-18 shahrhoi Sterlitamak, Belebey, Birsk, Ufa bunyod gashta, dar zamoni muosir aznavsozi karda shudand. Dertar shahrhoi Eshimboy, Oktyabrskiy, Kumertov, Salavat, Tuymazi, Neftekamsk, Agidel, Beloresk bunyod shudand. Solhoi 30-40 asri 20 bunyodi imoratho bo uslubi me­morii klassiki (Qasri farhangi ba nomi S. Orjonikidze, Khonai Sanoat va gayra) ba hukmi anana daromad. Sol­hoi 60 asri 20 sokhtmoni binohoi zamonavi (Teatri aka­demii dramai Boshqirdiston, Sirki davlati, Qasri varzish dar shahrhoi Ufa, Oktyabrsk, binohoi balandoshyona dar shahrhoi Ufa va Salavat) avj girift.

Az zamonhoi qadim dar miyoni boshqirdho hunarhoi mardumi – kashidaduzi, gulduzi, bofandagi, naqshduzi dar ruysari (ruymol), dastmol, qolin va parda, zargari, kuloli, charmgari va kandakori dar chub rivoj yofta, to imruz in anana idoma dorad. Dar tashakkuli sanati tasvirii Boshqirdiston naqshi buzurgro rassomoni toinqilobi bozidaand (namoishgohi soli 1916 dar shahri Ufa). Nakhustin rassomoni boshqird K. A. Davlatkeldiev, M. N. Elgashtina, A. E. Tyulkin, A. P. Lejnev va digaron meboshand. Soli 1920 dar shahri Ufa osorkhonai sanat, soli 1926 omuzishgohi sanat tasis yoft.

Musiqi. To Inqilobi Oktyabr musiqii boshqirdi tanho bo ejodiyoti mardumi robita doshta, surudhoi mardumiash asosan yakovoza budand.

Asbobhoi musiqii mardumii Boshqirdiston – kuray (nayi darozy monand ba nayi chuponi), garmon va kubil (nave az sozhoi musiqii chubi yo ohani). Dar Boshqirdiston farhangi musiqii kasbi badi barqaror shudani Hokimiyati Shuravi rushd kard. Asarhoi ohangsozon Z.  Ismoilov, X. Ahmadov, R. Murtazin, N. Sobitov shuhrat doshtand. Soli 1938 dar shahri Ufa teatri musiqii Boshqirdiston (az soli 1941 Teatri opera va balet), filarmoniya va orkestri asbobhoi mardumi tashkil yoft. Dar zaminai payvandi musiqii mardumii ananavi va avrupoi, pesh az hama musiqii klassikii rus sabki khossi musiqii millii boshqirdi ba vujud omad. Solhoi 40 asri 20 avvalin operashhoi boshqirdi «Khakmar», «Mergei» (Nishonzani mohir) «Karlugas» (Parastu) va gayra ruyi sahna omadand. Teatri kasbii boshqirdi badi Inqilobi Oktyabr tashkil yoft.

Teatr. Soli 1919 dar Sterlitamak avvalin teatri milli ba faoliyat ogoz kard va az soli 1922 on ba Teatri akademii dramai Boshqirdiston tabdil doda, ba shahri Ufa kuchonda shud. Dar in teatr az solhoi 30 to imruz asarhoi dramaturgoni boshqird ba sahna guzoshta meshavand. Dar sahnahoi teat­ri sayyori Boshqirdiston dramai M. Burongulov «Ashkadar» (1920) va mazhakai musiqii dramanavis va ohangsoz X. K. Ibrohimov «Kafshak» ruyi sahna omadand. Dar Boshqirdiston teatrhoi rusi (Ufa, Sterlitamak), teatri drama (Sabay va Salavat), teatri lukhtak (Ufa) mavjudand. Soli 1968 dar shahri Ufa donishgohi sanat ba faoliyat ogoz namud. Dar bayni arbobi hunari Boshqirdiston Artisti khalqii IJShS A.K. Mubokov, Artistoni khalqii Federatsiyai Russiya 3. I. Bekbulatov, G. I. Mingaliev, A. K. Zubairov va gayra bo mahorati khossai khesh mashhur gashta budand.

Vositahoi akhbori umum. Boshqirdiston matbuoti davrii taraqqikarda dorad. Mashhurtarin nashriyaho – gazetahoi «Bashkor­tostan», «Respublika Bashkortostan», «Qizil-Tan», «Mo­lodyojnaya gazeta» va majallai «Vatandosh». Shabakai televizionii mohvoravii shabonaruzi faoliyat doshta, barnomahoi on ba zabonhoi rusi va boshqirdi pakhsh meshavand.

Adabiyot: Pisateli Sovetskoy Bashkirii. Ufa, 1955; Khismatov M. F. Ocherki po geografii Bashkirii. Ufa, 1963; Ocherki po istorii Bash­kirskoy ASSR. T. 1 (ch. 1-2)-2. Ufa, 1956-66; Avijanskaya S. A., Bikbulatov N. V., Kuzeev R. T. Dekorativno-prikladnoe iskusstvo bashkir. Ufa, 1964; Bolshaya sovetskaya ensiklopediya. T. 3.3 izd. Moskva, 1970; Novaya rossiyskaya ensiklopediya. T. 2. Moskva, 2005.