BORON

BORON, borishi atmosferie, ki az abrho ba namudi qatrahoi moei kutrashon az 0,5 to 6-7 mm meaftand. Qatrahoi qutrashon ziyoda az 6-7 mm hangomi ba Zamin aftidan ba qatrahoi khurd taqsim meshavand. Qatrahoi judogonai Boron dar sathi moe khalqahoro ba vujud ovarda, dar sathi jismhoi khushk payi tar memonand. Shiddati Boron az 0,25 mm/soat (Boroni sim-sim) to 100 mm/soat (Boroni sel) shuda metavonad. Tarzi paydoishi Boron chunin ast: Boron az abrhoi omekhta (beshtar az abrhoi serqabati boroni va serqabati baland), ki dar harorati pasttar az 0°S qatrahoi sardshuda va zarrahoi yakh dorand, merezad. Chandiriyati sershavii bukhori ob dar qatraho nisbat ba zarrahoi yakh (dar harorati yakson) ziyod ast. Az in sabab sershavii abr nisbat ba zarraho (kristallho) afzuda, boisi afzoishi kristallho va bukhori qatraho megardad. Kristallho kalonu vaznin shuda, az abr meaftand va qatrahoi sardshuda ba onho mechaspand. Onho dar qabathoi poini va tahi abr (harorati 0°S) ob shuda, ba qatrahoi Boron tabdil meyoband. Pas az Boron oftob baromada, qatrahoi Boronro munavvar mekunad va dar osmoi tiru kamon ba vujud meoyad.

Namudhoi Boron gunogunand: Boroni sard, Boroni yakh, Boron bo barf, Boroni sim-sim, Boroni sim-simi sard, Boroni sel, Boroni sel bo barf va gayra.

Boroni sard – borishi moe ba namudi qatrahoi qutrashon az 0,5 to 5 mm, ki dar harorati manfi (0 -10, bazan to -15°S) ba ashyo aftoda, yakh mebandand va dar natija yakhcha ba vuchud meoyad.

Boroni yakh – borishi sakht, ki dar harorati manfi (0-10, bazan to -15°S) ba namudi gululachahoi sakhti yakhi qutrashon 1-3 mm meaftand. Gululachaho hangomi ba ashyo barkhurdan shikasta, obi dokhilashon merezad va yakhcha paydo meshavad.

Boron bo barf – borishe, ki ba namudi omekhtai qatraho va barfakho dar harorati musbat meaftand. Agar chunin Boron dar harorati manfi ba amal oyad, onho ba ashyo chaspida yakh mebandand, ki boisi paydoishi yakhcha megardand.

Boroni sim-sim – borishi moe (dar harorati musbat) ba namudi qatrahoi nihoyat khurd (qutrashon <0,5 mm) meborad. On sathi khushki jismhoro barobar va muntazam tar namuda, dar sathi ob yo moe halqahoro ba vujud nameovarad.

Boroni sim-simi sard – borishi moe ba namudi qatrahoi nihoyat khurdi (qutrashon <0,5 mm) dar havo muallaq, ki dar harorati manfii havo (odatan, 0 – 10 °S, bazan  to -15°S) aftida, dar sathi ashyo yakhcharo ba vujud meorand.

Boroni sel – borishi kutohmuddat ba namudi Boron (bazan barfi tar), ki bo shiddati ziyodash (to 100 mm/soat) farq mekunad. In namudi Boron dar massahoi noustuvori havoi khunuk yo dar natijai az joe ba joe kuchidani qismhoi moddai moe yo gaz (konveksiya) ba vujud meoyad.

Boroni sel bo barf – borishi omekhtai doroi khususiyati sel, ki ba namudi omekhtai qatra va barfakho (odatan, dar harorati musbat) meaftand. Dar harorati manfi boridani chunin Boron boisi paydoishi yakhcha megardad.

Boroni osmoni beabr va mavjud budani oftobro gurgboron menomand.

Baroi paydoishi Boron sharoiti makhsusi harorati va qabati atmosferi zarur ast. Masalan, sayyorahoi Zamin va Ti­tan (radifi Zuhal) chunin sharoitro dorand. Dar qabathoi poyonii atmosferai in sayyoraho moddaho du yo se holati agregata dorand. Dar Zamin ob dar se holati agregata: yakh, ob, bug meshavad. Dar sharoiti Titan Boronhoi metani ba vujud meoyand, chunki metan dar holati ham mo­e va ham bug mavjud ast. Dar Mirrikh peshtar Boronhoi obi meboridand. Dar Zuhra Boronhoi kislotavi meborand, chun­ki abrhoi on asosan az kislotai sulfat iboratand. Boridani Boronhoi gunogun dar atmosferai jirmhoi osmoni ba qayd girifta shudaast. Ba Zamin inchunin Boronhoi kislo­tavi va shihobi niz borida, bazan Boronhoi ajoib ba amal meoyand, ki dar vaqti boridani onho az osmon har guna ashyo, galladona, mevavu sabzavot, hasharot, mohi va khazandaho va gayra meaftand. Muddati tuloni naboridani Boron boi­si khushksoli shuda, ba kishovarzi zarari kalon merasonad.

Adabiyot: Astapenko P. D. Voprosi o pogode. Leningrad, 1987.

M. Kholov.