Abreshim

Abreshim chist?. Abreshim in nakhest, ki az pilla hosil meshavad. Abreshim az qadamulayyom malum ast. Dar Osiyoi Markazi karib 4 hazor sol pesh kirmak parvarida, abreshim istehsol mekardand. Khitoihoi kadim Abreshimro binobar ustuvori va badoshti khele qadr menamudand.

Pillai az hama qadimtarin az boshishgohhoi davrai neolita mintaqai shimolii Shansi (2200 – 1700 to milod) va namunahoi avvalini matoi abreshimi dar yake az dakhmahoi Khitoii Janubi (475 – 221 to milod) yoft shudaand. Zamonhoi qadim mugulho az Abreshim zireh tayyor me­kardand, ki jangovaronro az zarbi tir muhofizat menamud. Nakhi Abreshim az du goz — safedahoi makhsusi fibro­in (70 – 80%) va seritsin (20 – 30%) iborat ast. Seritsin moddai chaspak buda, nakhhoi fibroinro mechasponad. Dar tarkibi nakhi Abreshim mum, ravgan (1 – 1,5%), namakhoi kaliy, natriy, kalsiy (1 – 1,5%) niz mavchudand,

Nakhi Abreshimii yak pilla 400 – 1200 metr darozi va  25 – 30 mkm gafsi dorad. Gafsii Abreshim ba miqdori nakhhoi pilla, ki bo ham payvastaand, vobasta ast. Abreshim nakhi tabiii proteini meboshad. Sifati Abreshim ba zoti kirmak va gizoi on vobasta ast. Abreshim sokhti hujayravi nadorad va farqi on az digar nakhho dar hamin me­boshad. Dar mavridi buridan, shakli sekunjaro dorad. Rangi Abreshim vobasta ba zoti kirmak safed, zard, gulobi, sabz meshavad. Rangi tabiii Abreshim nisbatan kamdosht buda, zud meparad.

Abreshim ba tasiri rushnoi va ishqor kam (dar mahluli 5-foizai NaOH zud vayron meshavad), ba tasiri kislotahoi minerali beshtar tob meorad. Dar halkunandahoi organikii muqarrari hal nameshavad. Abreshim badosht va chandiru jilodor buda, khosiyati khubi dielektri va garminoguzaroni dorad.

Matoi abreshimi munosibati makhsus mekhohad. Onro dar mahlulhoi ishqordor tar kardan va shustan mumkin nest; zeri tasiri bevositai nuri oftob rangi mato parida, noustuvor megardad. Abreshim dar sanoati bofandagi, elektrotekhnika, aviatsiya va tib istifoda meshavad. Nig. niz Pillakashi, Kirmakdori.

Adabiyot: Akhmetshin N. X., Tayni Shelkovogo puti, Moskva, 2002.