Paydarpay, yake az mafhumhoi asosii matematika ast. Paydarpay az elementhoi tabiatashon gunogun, ki bo adadhoi naturali 1, 2 … p, numera- siyashuda tashkil meyobad va ba na­mudi l,, l2, •••» khp 6 mukhtasar (lp) navishta meshavad. Elementhoe, ki az onho’ Paydarpay tartib doda meshavad, uzv­hoi Paydarpay nom dorand. Odatan Paydarpay …

«Paydoishi oila, molikiyati khususi va davlat» asari Fridrikh Engels buda, bori avval ba nemisi soli 1884 ba tab rasidaast. Dar in acap jamiyati insoni az khudi zinahoi avvali inkishofash cap karda az mavqei dialektikiyu materialisti takhlil shuda, prosessi zavoli sokhti – avlodi va dar zaminai molikiyati khususm paydo shudanb munosibathoi …

Payza, paydza, payze, nishoni rasmiest, ki khonhoi mugul ba choparhoi khud medodand. Muvofiqi malumoti muarrikh Rashiduddin dar ahdi Chingizkhon va vorisoni u — Uqtoy (1229—41), Guyuk (1246—48), ba feodalonu savdogaron doda meshud. Payzaro az tillo, (nuqra, mis yo chub mesokhtaand va aholi majbur bud, ki dorandai Payzaro bo khurok, joi …

Paykand yake az shahrkhoi qadimi vohai Bukhoro. Dimnai II. 35 kilometr durtar az Bukhoro dar samti Janubi Garb voqe gardida, vusati on to ba 20 gektar merasid. Paykand to istiloi arab yake az markazhoi kaloni tijoratii Osiyoi Miyona bud. Muarrikhoni asrhoi 9—10 Tabari, Narshakhi Paykandro shahri tojiron nomidaand. Paykand bo …