Papirus, yak nav giyoh ast, ki dar davrahoi qadim az on baroi khatnavisi material tayyor mekardand. Dastkhati dar in material navishtaro niz Papiros guyand. Papiros chun materiali khatnavisi dar Misri Qadim taqriban dar avvali hazorai 3 to melod ikhtiro gardid va miyonahoi hazorai 1 to melod ba digar mamlakathoi bahri …

Parik (az fransavi perrugue), mui sokhta, oroyati, az muy, pashmi hayvon yo nakhhoi suny, ki ba rui mato (montyur) dukhta shudaast, tayyor mekunand. Parik az davrahoi qadim mamul buda (Misr, Bobuliston, Oshur, Yunon va Rimi Qadim), dar asri 18 oroishi hatmii dvoryanho khisob meyoft. Minbad az bayn rafta. okhiri soli …

Papirushoi matematiki, yodgorihoi ilmii Misri Qadim, ki ba asrhoi 21—18 to melod mansuband. Mamultarini Papirushoi matematiki papirusi Rind (dar muzei Britaniya) va papirusi Moskva (dar Muzei sanati tasvirii ba nomi A. S. Pushkin) ast. Papirusi Rindaz nomi so­hibi on — misrshinos A. Rind (Rhind) bori avval az tarafi ma­tematiki nemis …

Papua Gvineyai Nav (Rarua New Guinea), davlatest dar qismi janubu sharqi uqyonusi Orom. Qismi sharqi janubii. Gvineyai Navro bo jazira va galajazirahoi Bismark, Solomon, D, Antrkasto, Luiziada, Trobrian, Murua, umuman taqriban 200 jazirai kalonu khurdro dar bar megirad. Masohatash 462,8 hazor kma. Aholiash—3 mln nafar (1980) Shumorai aholii tagjoy—670 hazor, …

Papuasho (az malayi raruwa — jingilamuy), nomi umumii qismi ziyodi aholii tagjoii jazira Gvineyai Nav, jazirahoi shimolu garbii Melaneziya, qismi shimolii jazirai Khalmakher va qismi sharqii jazirai Timor. Shumoraashoya ziyoda az 3 mln nafar (1973). Papuasho az jihati antropologi ba najodi melanezi mansub buda, bo zabonhoi napuasi gap mezanand. Unsurhoi …

Parabola (yun. ragaole — nazdikshavi), khati buriyashi konusi mudavvar va hamvorie, ki ba yagon hamvorii ba hamii kopus rasanda parallel ast (rasmi 1). Dar matemati­ka chunin tarifi Parabola beshtar malum ast: Parabola joi geomet­rii nuqtahoi hamvori meboshad (rasmi 2), ki az nuqtai ba istiloh fokus (G) va az khati rosta …

Paraboloidho (az  parabola va yun. eidos — shakl, namud), sathhoi nomahdudi tartibi duyum, ki marka nadorand. Du namudi Paraboloidho vujud dorad; Paraboloidhoi ellipsi va paraboloidi giperboli. Az 5 navi asosii satkhhoi tartibi duyum dutoash Paraboloidho meboshad. Khat­hoi burishi Paraboloidho bo hamvorihoi gunoguni fazo giperbola, parabola va khathoi rost meboshand. Az …

Paragvaiho, aholii asosii Pa­ragvay, ki taqriban 99% sokinonashro tashqil medihad. Shumoraashon qarib 3 mln nafar (1978). Paragvaiho asosan asrhoi 17—18 dar natijai omezishi hindiyoni guarani va ispaniho tashakkul yoftaand; az jihati antropo­logi beshtar duragaand. Ziyoda az nisfi Paragvaiho bo du zabon — ispani va guarani gap mezanand. Dindoron ka­tolikand. Doir …

Paragvay (Raraguay), daryoest dar Braziliya va Paragvay, shokhobi  rosti daryoi Parana. Tulash 2200 km (az rui malumothoi digar 2500 km); masohati havzaash 1150 hazor km2. Az qismi shimolu garbii pahnkuhi Braziliya ogoz yofta, ba samti J. jori meshavad, pastkhamii vasei botloqzori Pantanal va qismi pastii  Gran-Chakoro burida meguzarad. Bari daryo …

Paragvay (Raraguay), R e s p u b l i k a i Paragvay (Republica del Paraguay). Paragvay, davlatest dar qismi markazii Amerikai Janubi. Dar Shimol va Shimolu Garbi bo Boliviya, dar Shimolu Sharq va Sharq bo Braziliya, dar Janub,  va Garb bo Argentina hamsarhad ast. Masohati.—406,8 hazor km2. Aholiash …