Organizmhoi avtotrofi (az yunoni autos — khud va trophe — khurok), organizmhoi autotrofi, organizmhoest, ki moddahoi organikii baroi hayot zarurro az moddahoi gayriorganiki sintez mekunavd. Ro­li Organizmhoi avtotrofi dar tabiat khele kalon ast. Onho tamomi moddahoi organikiro, ki odam va qarib hamai hayvonho sintez karda nametavonand, hosil mekunand (nigared Organizmhoi …

Optimizm va pessimizm (az lotini optimus — behtarin va pes- simus—badtarin), du munosibati ziddi hamdigar ba rafti hodisaho; optimizm bovari ba oyandai nek, imkoni tantanai neki bar badi, adolat bar beadolagist, pessimizm — anjomi badi hodisaho, ruhaftodagi, nobovari ba tantanai neki bar badist. Dar tarikhi falsafa jahonbinii optimistiro bisyor mutafakkiron …

Optimizatsiya (lotini optimum — behtarin), prosessi yoftani maksi­mum yo minimum funksiyai dodashuda yo az (majmuhoi imkonpazir in­tikhob namudani varianti behtarin. Usuli boetimodi justujui varian­ti behtarin muqoisai hamai varianthoi imkonpazir (alternativaho) ba hisob meravad. Agar miqdori al­ternativaho beintiho boshad, hangomi justujui varianti behtarin az usulhoi programmasozii matemati­ki istifoda mebarand. Ammo programmasozii …

«Oraz» (arabi sg A* — rukhsora, cheh­ra), 1) nomi shubaest dar sistemai «Duvozdahmaqom». Dar qismati nasrii maqomhoi «Navo» va «Dugoh»-i «Shashmaqom» amal doshta, bo nomi «Orazi Navo» va «Orazi Dutoh» mamul ast. Usuli doyra, sokhti ohangi va chenaki sherii «Oraz» dar hardu maqom yakkhela buda, ba pardahoi har du muvofiqat …

«Orazi Navo» nomi yake az shubahoi «Shashmaqom» ast, ki dar qismati nasrii maqomi «Navo» (joi 14-um) amal dorad. Az rui khu­susiyathoi ohangi, usuli doyra va rohi khonish ba maqom «Navo» nazdik ast. Dar asosi shubahoi «Orazi Navo» va «Orazi Dutoh» avji «Namudi oraz» tasnif gardidaast.

Oran, shahrest dar shimoli garbii Aljazoir, dar sohili bahri Miyonazamin. Markazi mamurii viloyati Oran. Aholii shahr bo atrofash 440 hazor nafar (1970). Uzeli rohhoi naqliyot, markazi sanoatu savdo, bandari ka­lon. Ba vositai bandar ba khorija vino, mevayu sabzavot va digar madsuloti khojagii qishloq barovarda meshavad. Korkhonahoi sanoati khurokvori, korkardi metall, …

Oraonho, d kh a n g a r (khud k urukh guyand), khalqest, dar pushtakuhi Chkhota-Nagpur (Hinduston) dar banki khalqhoi munda. Dar Hinduston guruhhoi nachandon kaloni Oraonho dar shtati Orissa, Bengali Garbi, Assam maskunand. Shumoraashon 1,4 million nafar (1978). Zaboni Oraonho ba oilai za­bonhoi dravidi mansub ast. Dar dini Oraonho …