Maktabi minyoturi Bukhoro

MAKTABI  MINYOTURI  BUKhORO, yake az sabk va maktabhoi minyoturnigorii Osiyoi Miyona, ki dar Bukhoro tashakkul yoftaast (asrhoi 16— 17). Osori nisbatan qadimtari Maktabi minyoturai Bukhoro ba solhoi 20—30 asri 16 taalluq dorad, ki dar kitobkhonai Ubaydullohkhon ejod shudaand. Aksari namoyandagoni Maktabi minyoturai Bukhoro minbturnigoroii tahjoi, inchunin musavvironi az Hirot omada budand. Asarhoi davrai avvali Maktabi minyoturai Bukhoro asosan bo uslubi Maktabi minyoturi Hirot ejod shudaand. Ammo minyoturhoi solhoi 40 asri 16 dar du raviya ofarida shudaand. Raviyai avval bo ejodiyoti musavvironi Hirot va payravoni onho (minyoturhoi Mahmudi Muzakhkhib dar «Mahzan-ul-asror»-i Nizomi, 1545 va «Buston»-i Sadi, 1542—49) aloqamand ast. Dar raviyai duyum uslubi navi minyoturnigorii Bukhoro (minyoturhoi «Guliston»-i Sadi, 1547, «Tuhfat-ul-ahror»-i Jomi, 1548 va g.) mushohida meshavad.

Muvofiqi uslubi nav bandubasti minyoturho tagyir yofta, kompozisiya farokhtar, jussaho kalonu miqdoran kamtar, binohovu oroishotashon soddatar tasvir gardidaand. Hamai in alomathoi khosi Maktabi minyoturai Bukhoro budand, ki on dar prosessi omezishi ananahoi mahalli va uslubi minyoturnigorii Hirot tashakkul yoft. Solhoi 50—70 davrai boloravi va gulgulshukufii uslubi navi Maktabi minyoturai Bukhoro ba shumor meravad («Guliston»-i Sadi, 1566—67, «Tuhfat-ul-ahror»-i Jomi). Yake az namoyandagoni barjastai Maktabi minyoturai Bukhoro Abdullohi Musavviri Khurosoni meboshad, ki dar ejodiyoti khud khususiyathoi muhimtarini in maktabro inikos namudaast.

Personajhoi Maktabi minyoturai Bukhoro sifathoi tipii ba khud khos doshta, miyonaqadi tanumand, kulcharui bodomchashm, gunchadahoni kamonabru va vasemanah tasvir meshudand. Tobishu tazodi rangho, paykarho khele ravshanu aniq ifoda meyoftand. Makhsusan, rangi siyoh dar bayni onho mavqei muhim doshta, oburang va qismatbandii umumii musavvararo tamin mekard. Dar asosi yak syujeti muayyani ba qolib darovardashuda ofaridani minyoturho (mas., lahzai vokhurii dildodaho, tasviri bokarrufari hokimon dar takht va g.— vobasta ba zavqi suporishdihandagon), ba hukmi anana medaroyad.

Bo vujudi yakrangiyu mahdudiyati syujet, minyoturnigoroni Maktabi mineturai Bukhoro asarhoyashonro ba tarzi nav hal mekardand. Dar sanati minyoturnigorii solhoi 50— 70 Bukhoro portretofari (chehrakushoi) niz mavqe paydo karda, asosan bo namudi on: portrethoi yakkasa, dukasa va guruhi inkishof yoft. Dar minyoturhoi solhoi 80—90 kompozisiyahoi sathi va tasviri ruyakiyu sharti quvvat megirad. Aknun ba joi bogoti serdoludarakhtu margzori sabzu gulpush darakhtoni tokho va sabzahoi choch ruida tasvir megardidand. Paykarhoro (beshtar dar toqagi, bazan juft) dar zaminai oddi tasvir kardan rasm gardid.

Dar sanati tasvirii okhiri asri 16 va ibtidoi asr 17 boz yak tamoili digar paydo shud, ki ba inkishofi munosibathoi dustonai Osiyoi Miyona va Hinduston aloqamand ast. Dar in davra yak qator musavvironi Osiyoi Miyona ba Hinduston rafta (mas. Muhammadmurod va Muhammadnodir — rassomoni darbori Akbar), chande az rassomoni hind ba Bukhoro omada budand. Tasiri uslubi minyoturnigoroni hind dar tasviri baze personajho zohir shudaast. Minyoturnigori dar solhoi 20 asri 17 ba zinai nav, ki ba on ruhi omantiki khos bud, 1 qadam memonad. Mahdudiyati skhematikii minyoturi in davr toraft joi khudro ba ifodai harakatu amal, lavhahoi purshukuh va tasviri juziyot medihad. Dar nimai asri 17 Maktabi mineturai Bukhoro boz ham beshtar inkishof meyobad («Khamsa»-i Nizomi, 1648). Bo tamomi juziyotash tasvir gardidani olami nabotot (judo-judo kashidani bargi darakht, gulu sabza), darbar giriftani fazoi vase va domanador (tasviri kuhhoi durodur, imorathoi dar bayni talu teppaho joygirifta) mahsuli aloqai Maktabi minyoturai Bukhoro bo minyoturnigoroni hind bud.

Osori minyoturii in davr binandaro bo soddagi, nafosati rangkho, inchunin bo tasviri mohironai fazo va holati tabiii personaj dar vaziyathoi murakkab ba vajd meorad. Muhammadmuqim, Avazmuhammad, Muhammadamin, Muhammadsalim, Mullo Behzod, Khoja Gadoi Naqqosh namoyandagoni behtarini Maktabi minyoturai Bukhoro meboshand. Maktabi minyoturai Bukhoro qullai olii sanati minyoturnigorii Osiyoi Miyona ast. Maktabi minyoturai Bukhoro yakjoya bo Maktabi minyoturi Samarkand, Maktabi minyoturi Movarounnahrro tashkil dodaand.