USLUB

USLUB (arabi — tarz, ravish), khususiyathoi umumii zabon, asari adabiyoti badei yo sanat, prinsiphoi asosi, ki yagonagii muhimtarin khususiyathoi zabon va shakli badeii asare va yo chandin asarro muayyan
mekunand. Ba in mani dar borai adabiyoti klassikii fors-tojik istilohi sabk niz istifoda meshavad.

I. Uslub dar adabiyot umumiyati sistemai obrazho, vositahoi badei va khususiyathoi zaboni yak asar, yak navisanda, yak guruh navisandagon yo yak davra ast. Az rui in tavsif doir ba Uslubi asar va janrhoi alohida (masalan, Uslubi romani rus dar asri 19, – romani «Gulomon», romani «Palatai kunjaki» va gayra), Uslubi fardii sanatkor (Uslubi J. Ikromi, M. Tursunzoda) va gayra metavon sukhan rond. Uslub hambastai hayoti ijtimoi, metodi ejodi va jahonbinii sanatkor buda, ba tufayli justujui paygirona va mehnati jiddi tadrijan tashakkul meyobad. Uslub khosiyati fardi va umumi dorad. Uslubi fardi tarzi bayon va umumiyati sistemai obrazhoi adibi alohidaro faro megirad. Chunonchi, Uslubi Bedil sifathoi khos doshta, muhimtarin nishonai on dushvorpisandi meboshad. Uslubi umumaktab va jarayonhoi adabiro dar bar megirad, ki namoyandagoni onho, sarfi nazar az simoi fardi, az rui alomathoi umumii sabk ba ham monandand. Dar tarikhi adabiyoti klassikii fors-tojik Uslubhoi umumie inkishof yoftaand, ki bo nomi sabki khurosoni, sabki iroqi, sabki hindi va sabki bozgasht mashhurand. Dar nasri realistii tojik (davrai hozirai inkishofi on) khususiyathoi du jarayoni uslubi ravshan namoyon ast: realizmi sirf va jarayoni romantiki. Uslub ham mundarija, ham goyai asari alohidai navisanda yo tamomi ejodiyoti u, ham jami unsurhoi shakhsl — zabon, janr, kompozisiya, vazn va gayraro faro megirad. Dar bayni hamai in unsurho zabon ahamiyati avvalindaraja dorad. Uslub hodisai tarikhan tagyirpazir ast.
II. Uslub dar zabon, 1) yak shokhai zabon ast, ki vositahoi bayon dar on dar har sharoit vobasta ba maqsadi mubodilai afkor ba tarzi makhsus intikhob va istifoda meshavand. Shokhahoi zaboni adabin tojik (Uslubhoi ilmi, badei, publisisti va rasmii korguzori) dar asosi hamin qoida surat giriftaand; 2) yak tarzi istifodai majmui vositahoi zabonist, ki khosi adibe, asare va janre ast: Uslubi Ayni, Uslubi Lohuti, Uslubi M. Tursunzoda, Uslubi «Odina», Uslubi nazm va gayra; 3) intikhobi vositahoi zaboni, ki khususiyati muaosiri (ekspressivi) va hayajonangezi (amosionali) dorand: Uslubhoi mutantan, mutoibavi, hajvi va gayra; 4) tanzimi nutq dar asosi qoida va normahoi zabani adabi; vobasta ba in istilohhoi zayl mamuland: Uslubhoi sodda, murakkab, suni, vayron va gayra. Khususiyathoi uslubii zabon dar nutq yo matn zohir meshavand.
Uslub nazar ba zabon teztar tagyir meyobad, zero qoidahoi on oo talabi omilhoi ijtimoi digar meshavand. Khususiyathoi uslubi dar dokhili qoidahoi mamuli zabon ba amal meoyand. Tashakkul va sayqali adabii Uslub dar zaminai milli ba mavqei Uslubi mutadil vobasta ast.
Adabiyot: Nigared ba maqolai Uslubshinosi.
M. Shukurov, R. Gafforov.