TARJUMAI BADEI

TARJUMAI BADEI, yak nav ejodiyoti badei, tafsiri vahdati shaklu mazmuni asari badei az yak zabon ba zaboni digar, ayon namudani tasiri estetikii asari original ba zaboni gayr. Tarjumai badei dar peshrafti tamaddun maqomi baland dorad va inkishofi tamaddun ham ba rivoji on musoidat menamoyad, yane tarjuma va sharoiti tarikhi hambastaand. Az in jost, ki tarjuma umuman va Tarjumai badei khususan, sohibi tarikhi domanadorest. Tarjumai badei az digar navhoi sanat, pesh az hasma, bo vasilahoi bayon farq mekunad, agar vasilai bayoni musiqi — ohang, memoriyu haykaltaroshi — shaklu tarh, rassomi — tobishhoi rang boshad, pas tarjumai badei ba vositai zabon ifoda meshavad. Az in jihat tarjumai badei ba adabiyoti originali qarobat kunad ham, az on tafovut niz dorad. Adabiyoti originali moli yak 1 millat ast, vale tarjumai badei ba du millat taalluq dorad —ham ba millati muallifi asar, ham ba millati mutarjim. Qonunhoi inkishofi Tarjumai badeiro nazariyai on va tanqidi Tarjumai badei meomuzand. Tarjumai badei asosan az miyonahoi asri 20 mavridi tadqiqi hamatarafa qaror girift. Dar natija ilmi tarjuma ba vujud omad, ki on bo «tarjumashinosi», «translatologiya», «nazariyai tarjuma» va gayra yod meshavad.
Tarikhi paydoishi tarjumai badeiro muayyash kardan dushvor ast. Zohiran tarjumai badei barobari paydo shudani adabiyoti du khalqi gunogunzabon ba vujud omaadaast.

Masalan, muvofiqi khabari yake az munajjimon va mutarjimoni tojik Fazli Abusahl (vafot 815) Iskandari Makduni ba tarjuma tavajjuhi ziyode mekardaast: «Iskandar podshohi yunonnyon… on chi dar devonho va khazinahoi Istakhr bud, runavishte bardoshta va ba zaboni rumi va qibti bargardond va pas az on ki az nuskhabardoriho murodi niyozash farogat yoft„ hamaro dar otash andokht». bayni kitobhoi tarjumashuda Avesto niz bud. Avesto dar davrai Sosoniyon ba zaboni forsii miyona (pahlavi) tarjuma va tafsir shud, ki on «Zand» nom girift. Inro nakhustin tarjuma dar tarikhi adabiyoti fors-tojik shumoridan mumkin ast. Donishmandi arab Ibni Nadim (vafot 1000) dar chand fanni (fasli) «Al-Fehrist»-ash oid ba avzoi tarjuma to asri 10 bahs kardaast. Ibni Nadim dahho mutarjimoni on davrahoro zikr mekunad, ki har yake se-chor zaboiro ba khubi medonistaand, dar ilme omil budaand.
Yake az tarjumonhoi mashhuri on davra Ruzbehi Dodveh bud, ki badi ba islom garavidan ba khud Abdulloh ibni Muqaffa nom giriftaast. U qarib hamai asarhoi pahlaviro ba zaboni arabi gardonda, dar intishori osori adabii khalqhoi eroninajod sahmi arzanda guzosht. Nom va matni yakchand asari pahlavi, ki nuskhai aslashon az bayn raftaast, ba sharofati tarjumahoi Ibni Muqaffa to zamoni mo rasidaand.
Malum ast, ki adabiyoti har yak khalq, az jumla adabiyoti tojik be robitayu payvastagi bo adabiyoti khalqhoi duru nazdik ravnaq yofta nametavonad. Rishtahoi beshumori ravobiti adabi az zamonhoi qadim adabiyoti moro ba adabiyoti mardumi kishvarhoi hamjavor sakht payvastaand. Yake az rishtahoi mustahkami in ravobit tarjuma ast. Masalan, «Panchataptra» borho ba forsi va ba zabonhoi digar tarjuma shud.
Dar adabiyoti fors-tojik barobari tarjumai asarho az zabonhoi Sharq ba tadrij az zabonhoi evropoi niz tarjumaho paydo shudand, ki onho asosan kitobhoi tarikhi budand. Dar ibtidoi asri 18 tarjuma az forsi ba digar zabonho va az zabonhoi evropoi ba forsi khele avj girift. Mahz dar ibtidoi asri 19 dar Osiyoi Miyona ham tarjumai asarhoi bisyor adiboni evropoi intishor yoft. Vale in tarjumaho asosan dar Eron anjom yofta budadid. 28 dekabr 1851 dar Tehron «Dorulfunun» nom muassisae tasis shud, ki khodimoni on bo masalai Tarjumai badei ham shugl doshtand. In muassisa dar yak muddati kutoh 162 kitob nashr kard, ki aksari onho Tarjumai badei budand. Dar hamon davra ba zaboni forsi «Robinzon Kruzo»-i D. Deyobo, «Jgal Blaz»-i A. Lesaj, «Kulbai hinduvon»-i Bernarden de San Per, «Telemak»-i F. Fenelon, pesahoi Moler, «Graf Monte Kristo va «Se mushketdor»-i Aleksandr Dyuma, chand hikoyai L. N. Tolotoy, masalhoi I. A Krilov va gayra tarjuma shudand. Ziyoiyoni tojik az yan tarjumaho bahra bardoshtaand.
Soli 1909 A. Shakuri baroi sinfhoi duyum «Jome-ul-hikoyot» nom kitobi qiroat tarib dod, ki dar on bori avval tarjumai chand hikoyai L. Tolstoy («Altar va aynak», «Zog va ruboh» va gayra) ovarda shudaast. Sipas soli 1912 dar gayra. «Bukhoroi Sharif» boz chand tarjumai hikoyahoi L. Tolstoy ba tab rasid: «Ilyos», «Yazdonro yo shaytonro?», «Khudo haqro mebinad, vale zud kashf namekunad», «Insonro zamini ziroat bisyor lozim ast? va gayra. Kori tarjuma, az jumla Tarjumai badei makhsusan, badi Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sosialisti oktyabr quvvat girift. Avvalan tarjumahoi badei dar Nashriyoti Davlatii Tojikiston (tasisash soli 1925) ba tab rasidand. Solhoi 1926—36 nashriyot 10 nomguy asari badeii tarjumaviro nashr kard, ki onho asarhoi L. Tolstoi (povesti «Polikushk», mutarjim A. Bektosh, 1935), I. S. Turgeneyu (hikoyai «Mumu mutarjim Faridun, 1936), A. P. Chekhov («Hikoyaho», mutarjim J. Iqromy, 1936) va digaron budand. Pas az in tarjumai badei ru ba taraqqi nihod. Sadriddin Aynn bo tarjumai romani F. Dyushen «Qamar» dar ravnaqi tarjumai badei sahm guzosht. Tarjumahoi S. Ulugzoda («Zanbur»-i Voynich; bori duyum ba nomi «Gurmagas» soli 1982 nashrshud, «Til Uleshppigel»-i Sh. de Kostar va gayra, A. Lohuti (pesahoi U. Shekspir), Hakim Kargam, M. Amnneoda, R. Jalil, M. Qanoat (ashori V. Mayakovksiy), F. Muhammadiev (asarhoi Ch. Ayshmatov) va digaron dar adabiyoti mo sahifahoi durakhshon gardidand. S. Alizoda, Hasan Irfon, R. Hoshim, H. Ahrori, Z. Mulloqandov, Sh. Sobir barin yak guruh adibone ba maydon omadand, ki shugli asosii onho tarjumai badei gardid. Barobari in asarhoi shoiru navisandagoni tojik ham ba zaboni rusi, zabonhoi khalqhoi SSSR va khoriji tarjuma meshavand.
Bisyor olimonu adiboni Garb va Rossiya doir ba nazariyai tarjuma izhori aqida kardaand. B. G. Belinskii, I. S. Turgenev, N. G. Chernishovskii, N. A. Dobrolyubov dar tashakkuli nazariyai tarjuma sahmi kalon guzoshtand. K. Marks va F. Engels chand zabonro medonistand, asarhoi khudro ba digar zabonho tahrir mekardand va ba bisyor tarjumaho taqriz menavishtand. V. I. Lenin na faqat bo nazariyai tarjuma shugl dosht, balki khud niz bisyor tarjuma mekard. U nisbat ba sifati tarjuma nihoyat sakhtgir bud va har yak tahrifi nuskhai aslro zeri tanqid megirift. Nuktahoi asosie, ki klassikoni marksiam-lenikizm doir ba tarjuma bayon namudaand, ba nazariyai tarjumai soveti asos guzoshtand. Olimoni soveti mahz dar zimni guftahoi onho asoshoi nazariyai tarjumaro muayyan namudand.
Tanqidi Tarjumai badei asarhon tarjumavi yo ejodiyoti yagon mutarjimro az mavqei zamon va avzoi umumii tarjuma tahlil monamoyad va ba onho baho medihad.
Tadqiqi tarikh, nazariya va amaliyai tarjumai badei dar Tojikiston asosan dar davrai soveti ogoz yoft. Sahmi Sadriddin Ayni dar in bobat khele kalon ast. Adabiyotshinoson M. Shukurov, H. Shodiqulov, 3. Mullojonova (va digar, mutarjimon H. Ahrori, R. Hoshim, E. Mulloqandov va digar doir ba masalahoi gunoguni Tarjumai badei maqolahoi ziyode talif kardaand.
Dar SSSR ba tarjumayu intishori asarhon adiboni mamlakat va navisandagoni khoriji diqqati ziyod doda meshavad. Muvofiqi malumoti YuNESKO soli 1977 mamlakati mo az jihati miqdori asarhoi tarchumavi (6937 adad) ba joi yakum baromad.
Adabiyot Shukurov M., Tarjumai badei dar marhilai imruzai adabiyoti tojik, «Sadoi Sharq», 1983, 10; Gachechiladze G. R., Voprosi teorii khudojestvennogo perevoda, Tbilisi, 1964; Chukovskiy K. I., Aktualnie problemi teorii khudojestvennogo perevoda, tom 1—2, 1968; Leviy I., Iskusstvo perevoda, Moskva, 1974; Popovich A., Problemi khudojestvennogo perevoda, Moskva, 1980. N. Kholmuhammadov.