Sistemai kuhi Oltoy

Oltoy (ba zabonhoi turki va muguli altan — zarrin), sistemai kuhiest dar Osiyo, dar territoriyai SSSR, RKhM va Khitoy. Dar Shimoli Farb az hamvorii Sibiri Garbi (812 t. sh) cap shuda, dar Janubi Sharq to hamvorii Gobi (106° t. sh.) ba masofai 2000 kilometr tul kashidaast. Qatorkuhhoi Oltoy ba qismho va shokhahoi ziyode taqsim shudaand. Qullai balandtarinash (Belukha — 4506 metr) dar qismi garbi voqest.

Oltoy ba Oltoi Asli yo Soveti, Oltoyi Gobi va Oltoyi Mugul judo meshavad. Oltoi Soveti dar kishvari Oltoi RSFSR va viloyati Qazoqistoni Sharqii Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Qazoqiston joygir ast. Dar Shimol onro jariho az hamvorii Sibiri Garbi chu­do mekunand. Dar Sharq va Shimoli Sharq bo Oltoyi Mugul, Sayani Garbi va kuhhoi havzai daryoi Lebed payvast mebo- shad. Oltoyi Gobi davomi Oltoyi Mugul buda, dar territoriyai RKhM joygir shudaast. Tulash 500 kilometr, balandiash 1500—2500 metr, nuqtai az hama balan- dash 3957 metr.

Oltoy kishvari kuhii murakkabu chindor ast, ki az tabaqahoi jinshoi terrigeni, karbonati va vulqoni, inchunin jinshoi intruzivi tarkib yoftaast. In jinsho az okhirhoi proterozoi to davrai karbon paydo shudaand. Az rui sokhti geologi va tarikhi inkishofi geo­logi Oltoyro ba du qism chudo mekunand: Oltoyi kaledoni (Oltoi kuhi), ki qismi shimoli sharqii territoriyai Oltoyro ishgol mekunad; Oltoi gersini—Oltoi Janubi Garbi (Oltoi Madandor va Janubi).

Oltoy az sarvathoi zeriza­mini boy ast. Dar Oltoi Kuhi mada­ni ohan, simob, tillo, metallhoi nodir va dar Oltoi Madandor metall- hoi asil va ranga mavjudand. Rel­efi kuhii Oltoy pas az orogenezi gersini paydo shuda, dar davomi mezo­zoy hamvor shudaast. Dar okhiri pa­leogen prosessi balandshavii kuhho az nav ogoz yofta, dar okhiri neo­genu avvali antropogen avj giriftaast.

Kafidahoi qadima va nav boisi joyivazkunii zamin va nihoyat boisi paydoishi relefi murakkabi hozira gardidand. Dar tashakkuli relef yakhbandihoi davrai chorumin va ero­ziyai daryoho roli qalon bozidaand. Qatorkuhhoi balandtarin (ziyoda az 3200 —4000 metr)—Katun, Chuyai Shimoliyu Janubi va gayra dar qismi markazi va sharqii Oltoi Soveti voqeand. Onho nishebihoi rostfuromada, tegahoi shakhdor, qullahoi sershumori dastnoras dorand.

Dar Shimol va Garb qatorkuhhoi ba Oltoy khosi balandiashon miyona (1500—2500 metr) joy giriftaand, ki tegahoyashon hamvor va nishebihoyashon rostfuromadaand. Aksari qatorkuhhoro khamihoi kaloni tektonikii baynikuhi («dashtho») az ham judo mekunand. Iqlimi Oltoy— kontinenti. Zimistonash khunuki davomnok.

Harorati mohi yanvar az —15°Selsiya to —28, —32° Selsiya (dar dashti Chuya harorat haddi aqal — 60°Selsiya). Tobistoni balandkuhho kutohmuddat va salqin; harorati miyonai iyul dar mintaqahoi balandiashon 1000 metr az 14, 16° Selsiya ziyod nest. Oltoy nohiyai nisbatan serborish ast. Borishoti so­lona dar nishebihoi garbi va shimoli sharqi to 800—1200 millimetr (dar baze joyho to 2000 millimetr) va dar Janubi Sharq to 200—300 millimetr (dashti Chuya to 100 millimetr). Dar kuhhoi baland beshtar az 1000 piryakh (maydoni umumiashon ziyoda az 800 kilometr²) mavchud ast.

Dar Oltoy daryoho bisyorand. Manbai onho barfu boron; bahoru tobiston obkhez meshavand. Daryohoi purobu kalontarin: Katun, Bukhtarma, Biya, Chuya. Ziyoda az 3500 kul hast, kalontarini onho: Teles va Marqakul. Landshafthoi Oltoy— dashthoi kuhi, beshahoi kuhi va balandkuhi. Dashthoi kuhi asosan ba domanakuhho va kuhhoi past (dar Shimol to 500— 600 metr, dar Janub to 1000—1500 metr) khosand. Dar khamihoi beobi qismi markazii Oltoy niz rastanihoi dashti me- ruyand.

Landshafti kuhi qarib 70%’ territoriyai Oltoyro faro giriftaast. Beshaho makhsusan dar kuhhoi past va balan­diashon miyona (dar shimol 1700— 2000 metr, dar qismhoi markazi va sharqi 2200—2450 metr) pahn gashtaand. Landshafti balandkuh tanqo ba qatorkuhhoi nihoyat baland khos ast. Margzorhoi seralafi on charogohhoi khele khuband. Dar borai iqtisodiyoti Oltoy nigared maqolahoi Oltoy (kishvar), Qazoqistoni Sharqi,viloyat) va Kuhistoni Oltoy (viloyati Avtonomi).

Tadqiqi tabiati Oltoy dar asri 18 az tarafi olimoni rus cap shuda bud. Soli 1842 P. A. Chikhachyov, 1844 G. E. Shurovskiy va yak guruh injeneroni digar tadqiqothoi geologi burdand. Soli 1826 K. F. Ledebur florai Oltoyro omukht. Ekspedisiyahoi V. A. Obruchev va tadqiqothoi V. V. Sa­pojnikov natijahoi muhim dodand. Dar davrai soveti geologhoi Vazorati geologiya, olimoni Universiteti Tomsk va ekspedisiyahoi Akademiyai Fagnhoi SSSR ba omuzishi hamatarafai Oltoy mashguland.