SUD

SUD, organi makhsusi davlatist baroi himoya namudani manfiati sinfhoi hukmron (dar zamonii sosializm — manfiati tamomi khalq). Ehtiyoj ba Sud, organhoi idora va majburkuni, alalkhusus baroi dar asorat nigoh doshtani ommai mazlum dar davrai ba sinfhoi antagonisti taqsim shudani jamiyat ba vujud omadaast.

Sistemai sudii Rossiyai podshohi asosan on alomathoero dosht, ki islohoti sudii soli 1864 muayyan karda bud. Badi galabai Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sotsialistii Oktyabr tipi sifatan navi Sud, yane Sudhoi haqiqatan korpariyu dehqoni tashkil shudand. 22 noyabri 1917 dar majlisi SKKh RSFSR Dekret dar borai sud qabul shud, ki on asosi tashkili sistemai sudii respublikahoi soveti (Ukraina, Belorussiya va kishvari Turkiston) bud. Dar rafti taraqqiyoti jamiyati soveti sistamai sudi tagyir va inkishof yofta, yak qator akthoi normativii gunogun qabul shudand.

Dar zamoni hozira sistemai sudii soveti muvofiqi Asoshoi qonunguzorii SSSR va respublikahoi ittifoqi «Dar borai sojti sudi dar SSSR (1980), Qonun «Dar barai Sudi Olii SSSR» (30 noyabri 1979) va Qonunhoi respublikahoi ittifoqi dar borai sokhti sudi» (Qonun «Dar borai sokhti sudii Respublikai Soveti Sotsialistii Tojikiston» (1981) ba roh monda shudaast.

Sistemai sudi majmui muayyani organhoi sudii davlati buda, ba prinsiphoi yagonai tashkil va faoliyat, yagonagii maqsadu vazifaho va vakolati har zvenoi on asos meyobad.

Muvofiqi Konstitusiyan SSSR (moddai 151) va Asoshoi qonunguzori oid ba sokhti sudi (,moddai 1) ba sistemai sudi inho dokhiland: Sudi Olii SSSR, respublikahoi ittifoqi va avtonomi, sudhoi kishvari, viloyati, shahri, okrughoi avtonomi va viloyathoi avtonomi, sudhoi khalqii rayoni (shahri), inchunin tribunalhoi harbi dar Quvvahoi Musallahi SSSR.

Dar SSSR Sudho ba du guruh judo metavashand: 1) sudhoi SSSR (hamai sudhoi doroi ahamiyati ittifoqi), ki ba onho Sudi Olii SSSR va tribunahoi harbi dokhil meshavand. Hukm va halnomai in sudho az nomi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi sovetii Sosialisti barovarda shuda, dar tamomii terretoriyai SSSR amal mekunand: 2) sudhoi respublikahoi ittifoqi, ki ba onho hamai Sudhoi boqimonda dokhil meshavand. Hukm va halnomai in sudho az nomi respublikai ittifoqi barovarda shuda, dar hududi hamin respublika amal mekunand. Dar Resspublikai Soveti Sotsialistii Tojikiston sistemai sudi az se zina, yane Sudi Olii respublika, sudhoi viloyati va viloyati avtonomi, sudhoi khalqi rayoni (shahri) iborat ast. Sudi shahrii Dushanbe muvofiqi vakolatash ba sudhoi viloyati barobar meboshad.

Intikhobi budani Sudho yake az kafolathoi ba amal barovardani adolati sudist. Ammo tarzi tashkili organhoi gunoguii sudi vobasta ba mavqeashon dar sistemai sudi farq mekunand.

Sudhoi khalqii rayoni (shahri)-ro bevosita aholii rayon (shahr) bo rohi intikhoboti umumi, barobar va ovozdahii pinhoni ba muhlati panj sol intikhob mekunad. Mashvaratchiyoni khalqi ba muhlati duyunim sol dar kollektivhoi mehnati, tashkilothoi jamiyati va korkhonaho bo rohi ovozdihii oshkoro intikhob meshavand. Sudhoi viloyati, viloyati avtonomi va Sudi Olii resnublikai ittifoqi va Sudi Olii SSSR-ro Sovethoi deputathoi khalqii viloyati, viloyati avtonomi, Soveti Olii respublikahoi ittshfoqi va Soveti Olii SSSR dar sessiyai 1-umi davati navbati ba muhlati panj sol dar hayati rais, jonishinho, azoyoni sud va mashvaratchiyoni khalqi intikhob mekunand.

Tribunalhoi harbiro Prezidiumi Soveti Olii SSSR dar hayati rais, jonishinho va azoyoni tribunali harbi ba muhlati panj sol intikhob mekunad. Mashvaratchiyoni khalqii tribunalhoi harbi bo rohi intikhoboti ashkoro dar majlishoi umumii khizmatchiyoni harbii qismhoi harbi ba muddati du sol intikhob meshanand. Hamai Sudho sudi instansiyai yakum shuda metavonand. Gayr az Sudhoi khalqii rayoni (shahri) va Sudi Olii SSSR hamai digar Sudho hamchun Sudi instansiyai kassasioni baromad karda metavonand.

Hukmhoi az rui kori jinoyati barovardashudai badi haft ruzi ba mahkumshuda (agar kase az ishtirokchiyoni murofiai sudi ba tariqi kassasioni shikoyat nakunad) supurdani nuskhai hukm, halnomahoi oid ba korhoi grajdani boshand, badi dah ruzi elon shudanashon (agar ishtirokchiyoni murofiai sudi ba tariqi kassasioni shikyuyat nakunand) ba hukmi qonun medaroyand. Hukm va halnamahoi Sud faqat badi ba hukmi qonun daromadanashon ijro karda meshavand. Hukm, halnoma, tainot va qarorhoi ba hukmi qonun daromadaro ba tariqi nazorat az sari nav dida baramadan mumkin ast.

Sudi instansiyai yakum dar hayati sudya, raisi sud yo jonishinoni vay va du mashvaratchii khalqi korhoro bevosita dida mebaroyad. Qonunguzorii amalkunanda baroi ba amal barovardani adolati sudi sharoithoi makhsus peshbini kardaast. Adolati sudi az rui korhoi jinoyati muvofiqi kodeksi jinoyati ba amal barovarda meshavad. Mahkum kardani shakhs baroi kirdore, ki dar kodeksi jinoyati peshbini shudaast, huquqvayronkuni va khudsari donista shuda, jazoi muayyankardai Sud jinoyat hisob meshavad.

Adolati sudi az rui korhoi grajdani dar asosi kodeksi grajdani ba amal barovarda meshavad. In kodeks munosibathoi bahsnoki bayni grajdanho (shartnomai kharidu furush, shartnomai ijora, bahs dar borai manzili istiqamati va gayra)-ro tanzim mekunad. Hangomi dida baromadani korhoi grajdani Sud vobasta ba kharakteri bahsi paydoshuda, Kodeksi qonunhoi oid ba mehnat, Kodeks dar borai oila va nikoh barin qonunhoro tatbiq menamoyad. Yagonagii tartib va shakli murofiai Sudro az rui korhoi jinoyati Kodeksi murofiavii jinoyati va az rui korhoi grajdani Kodeksi murofiavii grajdani muqarrar mekunad. Shakli sudi yagona tarzi rasmii ba amal barovardani adolati sudii sosialisti meboshad. Shakli murofiavii sudi asosnok va qonuni budani hukmu halnomai sud, qonuniyati sosialisti va adolati haqiqii sudiro tamin Mekunad.

S. Boltuev