Respublikai Malta

Respublikai Malta – davlat dar galajazirai Malta, dar qismi markazii bahri Miyonazamin. Masohatash— 316 km². Aholiash 430 hazor nafar (2017). Poytakhtash shahri Valletta. Malta— respublika (az dekabri 1974). Sardori davlat — prezident. Organi qonunguzor — Palatai namoyandagon. Hokimiyati ijroiya hukumat buda, ba parlament hisobot medihad.
Tabiat. Sohilhoi janub va janubu garbii jazirai Malta pastu baland buda, gorhoi ziyode dorad; qismi shimol va shimolu sharqii on az bandarhoi past iborat ast. Jaziraho az ohaksangu gil tarkib yoftaand.

Relefash az pushtakuhhoi karsti iborat ast, ki balandiash ba 240 metr merasad (dar jazirai Malta). Iqlimash bahri miyonazaminist. Haroratash miyonai fevral 12° S; avgusti 25° S; borishoti solona qarib 530 mm. Daryo nadorad. Nabototi kserofitni navi bahrimiyonazamini beshtar meruyad. Olami hayvonotash kambagal ast.

Aholi. Qarib 98% aholiro sokinoni mahalli — maltonho tashkil medihand, ki zabonashon ba khalqhoi arabi Afrikai Shimoli khele nazdik ast. Anglisho va ptaliyaviho niz zindagi mekunand. Zabonhoi rasmi — maltoy va anglisi. Dini hukmron — masehiya. Aholi khele zich ast: dar 1 km² 1000 nafar 87% aholi dar shahrho zindagi mekunad. Shahrhoi kalonash: Slima, Valletta.
Malumoti tarikhi. Avvalin qasabahoi aholinishin dar hazorai 4 to melod paydo shudaand. Malta dar davrahoi qadim tobei finikiho, karfageniho va rimiho bud. Asrhoi 6—9 ba hayati imperiyai Vizantiya dokhil bud. Hukmronii bardavomi arabho (870—1090) ba khojagi, madaniyat va zaboni aholi tasiri kalon rasond. Soli 1530 Maltaro normaniho zabt namuda, ba Sisiliya hamroh kardand. Soli 1530 Malta ba ikhtiyori ordeni Ioann (ordeni Malta) guzasht. Onro avval Napoleon (1798), sipas Britaniyai Kabir (1800) zabt namuda, soli 1802 mustamlikai khud gardond. Badi ba kor daromadani kanali Suzs (1868) ahamiyati strategii Malta khele afzud.

MALTA DAR KhARITA

Malta dar bahri Miyonazamin ba bazai puriqtidori harbii bahrii Britaniyai Kabir tabdil yoft. Dar natijai purzur shudani harakati ozodikhohii aholi Britaniyai Kabir majbur shud, ki solhoi 1929—30 va 1947—59 khudidorakunii Maltaro etirof kunad. Soli 1962 Britaniyai Kabir bori digar khudidorakunii Maltaro etirof namud. 21 sentyabri 1964 Malta dar doirai Ittihodi Britaniyai Kabir mustaqil gardid va khudi hamon sol ba hayati TDM qabul shud. Mamlakat az hukmronii mustamlikavii anglisho zarari kalon did. Siyosati irtijoii hukumati Partiyai milli, ki bar khilofi manfiathoi millii khalqi Malta bud, boisi etirozi khalq gardid.

Dar natijai intikhoboti umumii soli 1971 Partiyai leyboristi ba sari hokimiyat omada, baroi mustahkam namudani istiqloli Malta yak qator tadbirho andeshid. Soli 1972 bayni Malta va Angliya shartnomai nav basta shud, ki on muhlati ijorai territoriya dar ikhtiyori bazahoi harbii bahrii Angliya budai Maltaro boz 7 sol daroz kard. Dar ayni zamon hukumati Malta munosibati khudro bo yak qator mamlakathoi khoriji faoltar namud. Soli 1972 dar Malta punkti akhborotii TASS kushoda shud.

Khojagi – Iqtisodiyoti Malta khele zaif ast. Dar iqtisodiyoti on kapitali khoriji, pesh az hama Angliya, hukmron ast. Sohahoi asosii sanoat: khurokvori va bofandagi. Malta konservhoi mevayu sabzavot, sharbat, tamoku, gazvor va matohoi pashminu pakhtagin, trikotaj istehsol mekunad. Bay korkhonahoi khurdi poyafzoli charmin, korkardi metall va gayra dorad.
Ustokhonai kaloni tamiri kishti mavjud ast. Dar jazirai Malta na makiosh va sangi binokori istehsol mekunand. Dar Malta hunarhoi nafis (hakkokii nuqrayu tillo, turbofi) khele ravnaq yoftaast.

Dar khojagii qishloq, ziroat bartari dorad. Taqriban dar 50% hududi Malta galla (gandum, jav), meva (zaytunu angur) parvarish meshavad; bogdoriyu gulparvari niz taraqqi garda ast. Pakhta ham mekorand. Az chorvoi mayda buzu khuk beshtar ast. Murg va khargush ham parvarish mekunand. Az obhoi nazdi sohil sardinayu tyulen sayd mekunand.
Malta rohi ohan nadorad. Tuli rohhoi sangfarsh 1,2 hazor kilometr. Bandari asosi va aeroportash — Luka. Malta ba khorija gazvor, vino, sabzavot, meva, gul, tukhmi, puk barovarda, az on jo ozuqa, suzishvori, khimikat va vositahoi naqliyot mekharad. Malta bo Britaniyai Kabir, Italiya, RFG aloqahoi tijorati dorad. Vay az soli 1971 azoi «Bozori umumi» meboshad. Kharchi savdoi beruniro az hisobi turizm mebarorad. Vohidi pul — funti malta.
Valletta. Manzarai yak qismi shahr.
Maorif. Nizomi maorif tahti korguzorii anglisi tashakkul yoftaast. Sistemai maorifi khalq az zinai poyonii on — az muassisahoi tomaktabi — bogchai bachaho cap meshavad. Bachaho az 5-solagi dar maktabi ibtidoi tahsil mekunand, ki on az 2 zina iborat ast: 2-sola — baroi kudakon; 6-sola — maktabi ibtidoi. Muhlati tahsil dar maktabi miyona 7 sol (5 + 2) ast. Talimi hatmi — az 6 to 16-solagi. Maktabhoi ibtidoiyu miyona davlati va khususiand. Soli tahsili 1973/1974 dar maktabhoi ibtidoii davlati 25267 nafar, dar maktabhoi miyonai davlati 20023 va dar maktabhoi ibtidoi va miyonai khususi 15 255 nafar talaba tahsil mekard. Muallimoni maktabhoi ibtidoiyu miyonaro asosan maktabhoi miyona tayyor mekunand. Soli tahsili 1973/1974-um 110 nafar khatmkunandagon malumoti pedagogi giriftand. Universiteti podshohii Valletta mutakhassisoni doroi malumoti oli tayyor mekunad. Gayr az in Kolleji ilmhoi ijtimoi va tabiatshinosi ham hast.

Kitobkhonahoi kalon: Kitobkhonai Universiteti podshohi (1769), Kitobkhonai podshohii Malta (1955), Kitobkhonai ommavii jazirai Goso (1853). Dar Valletta az soli 1903 Muzei millii Malta vujud dorad.