RESPUBLIKAI FEDERATIVII GERMANIYa

RESPUBLIKAI  FEDERATIVII  GERMANIYa (RFG), davlatest dar Evropai Markazi. Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG bo Respublikai Demokratii Germaniya RDG, Chekhoslovakiya, Avstriya, Shveytsariya, Fransiya, Lyuksemburg, Belgiya, Niderland, Daniya hamsarhad meboshad. Dar Shimol onro bahri Shimoli va bahri Baltika ihota mekuvand. Masohatash 248 hazor kilometr². Aholiash 59,7 million nafar (1983). Poytakhtash — shahri Bonn. Az jihati mamuri ba 10 muzofot taqsim shudaast (Shlezvig-Golshteyn, Gamburg, Saksoniyai Poyon, Bremen, Reyn-Vestfaliyai Shimoli, Gessen, Reypland-Pfals, Baden-Vyurtemberg, Bavariya, Viloyatya Saara).

Sokhti davlati. Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG — respublikai federativi. Konstitutsiyai hoziraash soli 1949 qabul shudaast (solhoi minbada ba on tagyirot va ilovaho dokhil karda shudand). Sardori davlat — prezident, ki onro Majlisi federali ba muhlati 5 sol intikhob mekunad. Majlisi federali  az azoyoni bundestag va deputathoi landtag iborat ast. Organi olii qonun- baror — parlamenti dupalatagi, ki on az bundestag (palatai deputatho, ki onro aholi ba muhlati 4 sol intikhob mekunad) va bundesrat (palatai muzofotho) iborat ast. Hokimiyati ijroiyaro hukumat bo sardorii kansleri federali (onro bundestag intikhob mekunad) ba amal mebarorad. Hamai muzofotho konstitutsiya, organhoi qonunbarori intikhoboti — landtaghoi yakpalatagi (dar Bavariya — dupalatagi) va bo sardorii sarvazir hukumati khudro dorand. Muvofiqi konstitutsiyai federali huquqi muzofotho mahdud karda shudaast.

Tabiat. Sathi territoriyai davlat az Janub ba samti Shimol past shuda meravad. Intihoi janubiro shokhahoi kuhhoi Alpi Shimolii Ohaksangi faro giriftaand. Dar qismi markazii on kuhhoi Alpi Bavariya va qullai balandtarini Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG — kuhi Sugshpitse (2963 m) voqe gardidaand. Kuhhoro vodihoi chuquri daryohoi Izar, Ini va gayra burida meguzarand. Shimoltar az Alp pushtakuhi Bavariya va osori piryakhho ba nazar merasand. Az qismi shimolii pushtakuh  daryoi Dunay jorist. Shimoltar va garbtar az pushtakuhi Bavariya mintaqai balandiho va kuhhoi balandiashon miyonai (600—1400 metr) chindorshavii gersini tul kashidaand. Inho Albi Shvab, Albi Frankon, Shvarsvald (kuht Feldberg, 1493 metr), kuhhoi Varaqsangii Reyn (Eyfel, Duveryuk, Taulus, Vestervald), Gars va gayra meboshand. Dar shimoli mamlakat (taqriban 25% territoriyai) pastkhamii farokhe hast. Qad- qadi bahri Shimoli va sohili daryo mintaqai marshho voqest; qismi nazdi sohilii bahr loyqazor ast. Sohilhoi ba Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG mansubi bahrhoi Shimoli va Baltika pastoband. Iqlim mutadil, dar shimol bahri, dar digar joyho kontinenti. Harorati miyonai yanvar az —0°Selsiya to —6*Selsiya, iyul 16— 20°Selsiya. Borishoti solona dar Shimol.

600—750 millimetr, dar kuhhoi balandiashon miyona 650—1300 millimetr va dar Alp 1700—2000 millimetr. Daryohoi kalon: Reyn (dar territoriyai Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG az sarhadhoi on 647 kilometr), Elba (poyonobash), Dunay (boloobash), Vezer. Kulhoi paydoishashon piryakhi bisyorand. Kalontarini onho: Boden, Khim, Shtarnberger — Ze, Ammer. Khoki zaminho asosan buri beshagi va karbonatdori tarkibash pusida, dar Shimol khokistar- rang. 29% territoriyai Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG beshazor ast. Dar beshaho, kuhho darakhtoni sanavbar, pikhta, suzanbarg, dar Shimol dar beshahoi gilzamin darakhtoni qaragay, koj, laden meruyand. Ziyoda az 3% territoriyai mamlakat (asosan dar shimol mamlakat) — zaminhoi bekorkhobida va botloqzor.

Aholi. 99% aholii mamlakat nemishoand: shumorai na chandon kaloni daniyagiho va gollandiho, taqriban 3,8 million nafar khorijiyoni asosan az Turkiya, Italiya, Yunon, Ispaniya omada niz zindagi mekunand. Zaboni rasmi — nemisi. Dindoron — asosan protestant (beshtar az 46%) va katolik (qarib 46%). Zichii miyonai aholi dar 1 kilometr² 241 nafar. 88% aholi dar shahrho zindagi mekunad. Shahrhoi kalontarin: Gamburg, Myunkhen, Kyoln, Essen, Frankfurti Mayn, Dortmund, Dyusseldorf, Shtutgart, Duysburg, Bremen, Gannover, Nyuriberg.

Ocherki tarikhi. Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG dar mintaqai ishgolii Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika, Britaniyai Ka- bir va Fransiya tashkil yoftaast. Soli 1948 dar London 6 davlati Garb (Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika, Britaniyai Kabir, Fransiya, Belgiya, Niderland, Lyuksemburg) dar bobati tashkil dodani Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG qaror qabul kardand. Guruhi makhsusi ekspertho avgusti 1948 loihai Qonuni asosiro tayyor namud va onro Soveti parlament (iborat az 65 namoyandai muzofothoi garbi Germaniya) dida baromad. Sovet mohi mai 1949 Konstitutsiyaro qabul namud va onro gubernatoroni harbii Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika , Britaniyai Kabir va Fransiya tasdiq kardand.

Avgusti 1949 avvalin intikhoboti bundestagi Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG shuda guzasht va T. Kheys (Partiyai ozodi demokrati, POD, soli 1948 tasis yoftaast) yakumin prezident gardid; bo sardorii K. Adenauer (Ittifoqi khristianhoi demokraty, IKhD, soli 1945 tasis yoftaast) hukumat tashkil shud. Ba tufayli dotasiyahoi Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika ShMA, safarbarii zakhirahoi dokhili va ba darajai past nigoh doshtani sharoiti zindagii aholi iqtisodiyoti Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG bosurat taraqqi kard; okhiri soli 1950 az rui hajmi istehsoli mahsuloti sanoati mamlakat ba davrai pesh az jang rasid. Iqtisodiyo- ti Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG dar solhoi minbada bo- surat taraqqi kard. Avvalho dar mamlakat tartiboti okkupatsioni ni goh doshta meshud va faolvyati organhoi davlati zeri nazorati se davlati Garb mahdud bud, ammo in mahdudiyat tadrijan barham mekhurd. Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG-ro aknun ba baze gruppirovkahoi siyosi va iqtisodii Evropai Garbi hamroh mekardand; dokhil shudan ba bloki NATO va ba amal barovardani militarizasiyaro vodor menamudand. Ba in siyosat sinfi korgar, ittifoqhoi kasaba, tashkilothoi demokrati va sotsial-demokratii Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG va digar davlathoi Evropai Garbi qatiyan zid baromadand. Dar natija sozishnomahoe, ki hanuz soli 1952 tartib doda shuda budandu onho meboist ba bloki NATO va Ittifoqi Bvropai Garbi dokhil shudani Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG- ro ba rasmiyat medarovardand, inchunin tartiboti okkupatsioniro bekor mekardand (ba nom qarori Parij), tanho mai 1955 hukmi qonuni paydo namudand.

Barobari mustahkam gardidani hokimiyati monopoliyahoi Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG quvvahoi taraqqiparvar nakhsh karda meshudand. Noyabri 1951 hukumat dar borai mani faoliyati Partiyai Kom

munistii Germaniya (soli 1956 man karda shud) masala bardosht. Solhoi 1951—1958 faoliyati ziyoda az 200 tashkiloti demokrati man karda shud. Dar ayni zamon guruhhoi rosti radikali, ittifoqhoi niqortalab va gayra az nav tashakkul meyoftand. Soli 1964 Partiyai milli-demokratii neonasisti tasis yoft.

Solhoi 50 davrai muborizai shadidi sinfi bud. Baromadhoi ommavii mehnatkashoni Germaniyai Garbi baroi huquqhoyashon bo muborizai ziddi remilitarizatsiya, ziddi ba bloki NATO dokhil shudani mamlakat aloqamand karda meshud. To miyonahoi solhoi 60 rohbarii siyosiro dar mamlakat bloki partiyahoi burjuazi—Ittifoqi khristianhoi demokrat, Ittifoqi khristiani-sotsiali (IKhS) ba amal mebarovard. Khristianhoi demokrat (soli 1963 kansleri federali K. Adenauerro L. Erkhard ivaz kard) rohi konsolidasiyai hokimiyati kapitali kaloni monopolisti, mustahkam namudani sokhti burjuazi-demokratiro pesh giriftand. Soli 1956, qati nazar az ziddiyati oppozitsiyai Partiyai sotsial-demokratii Germaniya, tashkilothoi ittifoqhoi kasaba va javonon doir ba uhdadorii harbii umumi qonun qabul karda shud; tashkili armiyai nizomii Germannyai Garbi sar shud. Davlathoi Garb mahdudiyati istehsoli tekhnikai harbiro, ki sozishnomai Parij muqarrar karda bud, tadrijan az bayn mebardoshtand. Doirahoi Germaniyai Garbi dar siyosati berunai khud ba davlathoi Garb, pesh az hama ba Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika, takya karda, rohi az nav dida baromadani nati-jahoi Jangi duyumi jahoni (1939— 45)-ro pesh giriftand. Hukumati Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG davo mekard, ki tamomi ne-misho, dar kujoe boshand, boyad ba qonunhoi Respublikai Federativii Germaniya itoat namoyand, Respublikai Demokratii Germaniya RDG barham doda, Berlini Garbi ba Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG hamroh karda shavad va zaminhoe, ki ba hayati Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR va Respublikai Khalqii Polsha dokhiland, ba Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG bargardonida shavand. Chunin sayu kushishhoi niqortalabona ba kori ba roh mondani munosibathoi badijangii davlathoi Garb va Sharqi Evrona khalal merasond, ba mutadil gardonidani munosibathoi Ittifoqi Soveti va Germaniyai Garbi (sentyabri 1955 bayni Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR va Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG munosibathoi diplomatii rasmi muqarrar shuda budand musoidat namekard.

Vaziyati jahon beperspektiva budani rohi siyosii demokrathoi khristianiro besh az pesh oshkor menamud. Soli 1966 dar natijai afzudani dushvorihoi dokhili hukumati koalitsionii Ittifoqi khristiani-demokrati IKhD/ Ittifoqi khristiani-sotsiali IKhS-PDO, ki ba on L. Erkhard sardori mekard, parokanda gardid. Bo sardorii K. G. Kizinger Ittifoqi khristiani-demokrati (IKhD) ba nom hukumati «koalitsiyai kalon» tashkil yoft. Raisi Partiyai sotsial-demokratii Germaniya V. Brandt jonishini kansleri federa-li va vaziri korhoi khoriji shud. Mohi sentyabri 1969 dar intikhoboti bundestag bloki Ittifoqi khristiani-demokrati IKhD/ Ittifoqi khristiani-sotsiali IKhS shikast khurd. Mohi oktyabr bo sardorii V. Brandt hukumati Partiyai sotsial-demokratii Germaniya PSDG- Partiyai demokratii ozod POD barpo gardid, ki on siyosati «idomat va tajaddud»-ro pesh girift. Dar natija Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG soli 1969 ba shartnomai pahn nakardani yaroqi yadroi imzo karda, taklifi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR-ro oid ba guzaronidani guftushunidho qabul namud, ki in guftushunidho bo imzo gardidani shartnoma dar Moskva (1970) anjom yoftand. Shartnoma tarafaynro uhdador mekard, ki onho boyad butunii territoriyahoi hamai davlathoi Evropa, khalalnopazirii sarhadhoi onhoro (az on jumla sarhadhoi garbii Respublikai Khalqii Polsharo qad-qadi daryoi Oder-Neysa, inchunin sarhadhoi bayni Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG va Respublikai Demokratii Germaniya RDG) nigoh dorand. Munosibathoi Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG bo digar davlathoi sotsialistii Evropa niz sol az sol mutadil megardidand (shartnomai Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG va Respublikai Khalqii Polsha, 1970, Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG va Respublikai Demokratii Germaniya, 1972, Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG va Chekhoslovakiya, 1973), Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG bo Respublikai Khalqii Vengriya va Respublikai Khalqii Bolgariya munosibathoi diplomati muqarrar kard. Soli 1971 bayni Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR, Shtatshoi Muttahidai Amerika, Angliya va Fransiya doir ba Berlini Garbi shartnomae ba imzo rasid, ki muvofiqi on Berlini Garbi meboist az manbai bahsu munoziraho ba manbai sulhu amniyat tabdil meyoft. Dar solhoi badi ba imzo rasidani shartnomai Moskva munosibathoi Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR va Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG boz ham behtar shuda, dar sohahoi gunogun robitahoi mustahkami ba hamdigar mufid muqarrar gardidand.

Soli 1978 bayni Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR va Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG sozishnomai darozmuddate (ba muhlati 25 sol) doir ba hamkori dar sohai iqtisodiyot va sanoat ba imzo rasid va soli 1980 dar asosi on programmai darozmuddati hamkori qabul karda shud.

Digargunie, ki solhoi 70 dar siyosati Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG ba amal omad, ba pastshavii shiddati vaziyat dar Evropa musoidat namud. Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG sentyabri 1973 azoi Tashkiloti Davlathoi Muttashida, ishtirokchii Majlisi Mashvarati doir ba bekhatari va hamkori dar Evropa shud, dar guftushunidhoi Vena oid ba mahdud namudani quvvahoi musallah va yaroqu asliha dar Evropai Markazi (guftushunidho az soli 1973 davom dorand) va gayra ishtirok mekunad. Quvvahoi reaksionie, ki dar atrofi Ittifoqi khristiani-demokrati IKhD/ Ittifoqi khristiani-sotsiali IKhS  jam omada budand, ba chunin siyosati hu-kumat muqobiliyati sakht nishon doda, davat mekardand, ki sarhadhoi mavjuda bekor va «reykhi Germaniya» barqaror karda shavad. Hukumati Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG borho ba millatchiyon guzasht mekard. Bo vujudi in siyosati hukumat asosan ba past kardani shidda-ti vaziyat ravona karda shuda bud. Dar sohai siyosati dokhili taraqqi-yoti Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG dar solhoi 70 ba quvvatgirii koalisiyai hukmroni sotsial-liberali musoidat mekard. Vaziyati iqtisodii mamlakat umuman ustuvor bud. Dar intikhoboti solhoi 1972, 1975 va 1980 ba parlament khristianhoi domokrat pai ham shikast khurdand. Valo dar intikhobote, ki mohi marti soli 1983 pesh az muhlat guzaronida shud, partiyahoi Ittifoqi khristiani-demokrati IKhD/ Ittifoqi khristiani-sotsiali IKhS   boz golib omadand; Hukumati federali dar zaminai koalisiyai Ittifoqi khristiani-demokrati IKhD/ Ittifoqi khristiani-sotsiali IKhS  sokhta shud. (Kansler: G. Kol, az Ittifoqi khristiani-demokrati IKhD IKhD). Dar intikhoboti soli 1984 ba onho inchunin muyassar gardid, ki ba vazifai prezidenti federali namoyandai khud R. fop Vayszekkerro intikhob namoyand.

Partiyahoi siyosi, ittifoqhoi kasaba va digar tashilothoi jamiyati. Partiyai sotsial-demokratii Germaniya (PSDG). Hamchun partiyai siyosii Germaniyai Garbi soli 1946 tasis yoftaast. Ba In-ternatsionali sotsialisti dokhil ast. Partiyai demokratii ozod (PDO) (tasisash 1948). Asosan manfiathoi burjuaziyai miyonaro ifoda mekunad. Ittifoqi khristianiyu demokrati (IKhD; tasisash 1945). Manfiathoi kapitali monopolistiro ifoda karda, bo kaliso, asosan bo kalisoi katoliki, aloqai zich dorad. Ittifoqi khristianiyu sotsiali (IKhS; tasisash 1945). Tanho dar Bavariya amal mekunad. Partiyai milli-demokrati (PMD; tasisash 1964). Partiyai Komunistii Germ a n i ya (PKG; tasisash 1918). Faoliyati legalii khudro (soli 1933 man shuda bud) soli 1945 az nav sar kard, ammo soli 1956 boz man karda shud. Partiyai Kommunistii Germaniya (PKG) soli 1968 az nav tasis yoftaast. Ittifoqi nemisii sulh (tasisash 1960). Qismi peshqadami burjuaziyai mayda, baze tabaqahoi ziyoiyon va ruhoniyonro muttahid mekunad. Ittihodi ittifoqhoi kasabai nemis. Federatsiyai jamiyativRespublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG — Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR.

Partiyai sabzon» soli 1980dar natijai yak shudani tashkilothoe, ki himoyai muhiti zistro pesha kardaand, tashkil yoftaast.

Iqtisodiyot. Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG — mamlakati kapitalistii mutaraqqi, az jihati iqtisodiyot puriqtidortarin dar Evropai Garbi davlati industriali. Az rui hajmi mahsuloti sanoati dar jahoni kapitalisti joi 3-yum, az rui hajmi savdoi beruna joi 2-yum, az jihati ba khorija barovardani kapital yake az joyhoi avvalinro ishgol mekunad. Dar iqtisodiyoti mamlakat konsernhoi puriqtidor (Bayer, Khyohst, BASF, Daymler-Bens, Simens, Folksvagen, Tissen, AEG—Telefunken, Klyokner, Messorshmitt-Byolkov-Blom va digar) hukmron buda,  bo kalontarin bankhoi khususi («Doyche bank, Drezdener bank, Kommers bank») guruhhoi monopolistiro tashkil medihand. Aksariyati onho monopoliyahoi transmilliand. Dar yak qator sohahoi sanoat mavqei kapitali monopolistii khoriji, alalkhusus kapitali Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika, Gollandiya, Shveysariya baland ast. Hissai ka- pitali Amerika khususan dar istehsoli nimnoqilho va moshinhoi hisobbarori elektroni (EVM), sanoati neft, istehsoli moshinhoi sabukrav, nakhhoi khimiyavi kalon ast. Aksariyati monopoliyahoe, ki kapitali omekhtai davlatiyu khususi va yo sof davlati dorand (FEBA, RVE, FIAG, Pryoysag, Zalsgitter, Rurkole, Folksvagen va digar), asosan dar sohai energetika va digar sohahoi sanoati vaznin hukmronand. Qarib tamomi rohhoi ohan va qismi ziyodi rohhoi avtomobilgard, korkhonahoi bo ob taminkunii jamiyati, kanalho, bandarho va gayra ba davlat taalluq dorand.

Sohahoi asosii sanoati vaznin: moshinsozi, elektrotekhnika, khimiya, avtomobil, korkardi neft, metallurgiyai siyoh, angisht. Istikhroji angishtsang toraft kam meshavad (soli 1956 qarib 152 million t, soli 1983 82,2 million tonna istehsol karda shud): angishtsang asosan dar havzahoi Rur, Saar va Akhen istikhroj meshavad. Angishti burro asosan az havzai Reyni poyon (123,5 million tonna) megirand. Dar qisii shimolii mamlakat konhon neft va gazi tabii (soli 1983 4,1 million tonna neft va 17,5 milliard metr³ gaz istehsol shud) voqeand. Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG ba miqdori ziyod az Niderland, Ittifoqi Respublikahoi Sovetii Sotsialisti Soyuz Sovetskikh Sosialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR va digar mamlakatho neft va gaz megirad. Iqtidori umumii stansiyahoi elektri dar ibtidoi soli 1978 qarib 80 million kiloVatt, az on jumla stansiyahoi elektrii atomi 7,4 million kiloVattt bud. Soli 1983 365,0 milliard  kiloVatt soat quvvai elektr istehsol karda shud. Istikhroji madani ohan besh az pesh kam (0,85 million tonna dar soli 1983) meshavad. Metallurgiyai siyoh asosan bar ohanpora va madani ohani importi asos yoftaast: soli 1983 27,6 million tonna chuyan va 35,35 million  tonna pulod gudokhta shud. Soli 1983 Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG 743,0 hazor tonna alyu- miniy (markazhoi alyuminiygudozi: Essen, Fyorde, Norf, Gamburg, Shtade, Tyoging va gayra), 313 hazor tonna mis (Gamburg, Lyunen, Deysburg), 305 hazor tonna surb (Nordenkham, Gamburg, Shtolberg, Lautental va gayra), 806 hazor tonna ruh (Duysburg, Datteln, Essen, Munsterbush) istehsol kard. Sanoati khimiya khele taraqqi kardaast; sohahoi gunoguni on baroi tamini ehtiyoji khojagii khalq va baroi eksport mahsulot mebarorad. Sanoati farmasevti, atriyot niz inkishof yoftaast. Sanoati moshinsozt va korkardi metall ziyoda az 35% mahsuloti sanoati va 53—55% tamomi moli eksportshavandai mamlakatro istehsol mekunad. Sanoati moshinsozi yake az sanoathoi mutaraqqi va peshqadami mamlakat ba hisob meravad. Markazhoi kaloni moshinsozi: Duysburg, Dortmund, Essen, Myulgeym, Dyusseldorf, Kyoln. Zalsgittor, Augsburg. Korkhonahoi sanoati elektrotekhniki beshtar dar Bavariya, az on jumla dar Myunkhen, Nyurnoerg, Erlaogen, Shtutgart, Frankfurti Mayn, Gamburg va gayra voqe gardidaand. Markazhoi kaloni sanoati avtomobilsozi: Volfsburg, Gannover, Braunshveyn, Kassel (konserni Folksvagen), Shtutgart, Bokhum (Opel), Kyoln, Saarlui (Ford), Ingolshtadt (Auto-Union) va gayra. Markazhoi asosii kishtisozi (joi 3-yum dar jahoni kapitalisti): Kil, Gamburg, Bremen, Emden; kishtihoi daryoi — Duysburg, Mayys, Koblens. Dar muzofoti Baden-Vyurtemberg korkhonahoi asbobhoi daqiqi mekhanika va optika voqe gardidaand. Korkhonahoi sanoati sabuk — bofandagi, duzandagi, charmu poyafzol asosan dar muzofoti Baden-Vyurtemberg, dar shahrhoi Balingen, Ryoytlingen, Augsburg, Khof, Offenbakh, Pirmazens joygir shudaand.

Khojagii qishloqi mutarakqie dorad. 53—54% tamomi zamin istifoda meshavad; beshtar az 30% on koram ast. Zaminhoi khojagii qishloq asosan dar ikhtiyori khojagihoi kaloni kapitalisti meboshand. Solhoi 1967—77 miqdori khojagihoi khurd va miyona khele kam shuda, miqdori khojagihoi kalon khele afzud. Dar mamlakat az ziroati galladona gandum, jav, javdor, suli, az ziroati tekhniki kartoshka, lablabui qand kisht meshavad. Chorvodori niz taraqqi kardaast. Okhiri soli 1963 dar Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG (ba hisobi million sar) 15,5 gov, az on jumla 5,7 modagov, 23,4 khuk, beshtar az 100 murg bud. Mohihoi gunogun sayd meshavand. Dar iqtisodiyoti Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG naqliyoti av- tomobili, obi, rohi ohan va truboprovod roli kalon mebozand. Tuli rohi ohan 31,5 hazor kilometr; darozii rohi avtomobilgard 173 hazor kilometr. Rohhoi obii kishtigardi dokhili: kanali Kil, daryo Reyn bo shokhobhoi sershumorash. Bandarhoi kaloni bahri: Gamburg, Bremen va Bremerkhafen, Vilgelmskhafen, Emdep, Lyubek; bandarhoi daryoi: Duysburg, Gamburg, Kyoln, Mangeym, Lyudvigskhafen. Nefteprovodho:

Vilgelmskhafen-Kyolp, Rotterdam (Niderland) — Kyoln, Mareel (Fransiya) — Karsrue — Ingolshtadt, Genuya (Italiya) — Ulm-Ingolshtadt, Triest (Italiya)—Ingolshtadt. Aeroporthoi kalon: Frankfurti Mayn, Kyoln-Bonn, Myunkhen. Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG ba khorija mahsuloti sanoat va khojagii qishlloq, moshin, mahsuloti sanoati khimiya va elektrotekhnika barovarda, az khorija molhoi sanoati, ashyoi khom va suzishvori, khurokvori va gayra megirad. Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG asosan bo davlathoi kapitalistii Evropai Garbi va Shtathoi Muttahidai Amerika, inchunin bo mamlakathoi sotsialisti savdo mekunad. Vohidi pul — markai nemisii Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG.

Nigahdorii tandurusti. Soli 1975 tavallud ba 1 hazor nafar aholi 9, 7, favt 12, 1, favti kudakon (1977) ba 1 hazor kudaki navzod 15 nafar bud. Bemorihoi dilu rag, saraton, bemorihoi uzvi nafas va jarohatu zakhm beshtar pahn shudaand. Bemorihoi sistemai asab, ruhi, gripp, gepatiti virusi, bemorihoi jimoi, sil niz kam nestand.

Soli 1976 dar Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG qarib 4,0 hazor bemorkhonai jamiyati va khususii doroi 731,6 hazor kat (18,8 kat ba 1 hazor aholi) bud. Bemorkhonahoi jamiyati 55% hamai muassisahoi tabobatii mamlakatro tashkil mekunand va dar onho chun qoida az bemor baroi kat, khurok va nigohubin muzd namegirand,  ammo bemoron baroi tabobati khud dukhturoni khususiro davat mekunand. Yak qator bemorkhonaho shubahoi polikliniki dorand, dar shahrho konsultatsiyahoi zanona va bachagona, dispapserhoi peshgirii bemorii sil va jimoi amal mekunand. Soli 1976 dar Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG 122,1 hazor dukhtur (1 dukhtur ba 508 nafar aholi), 33,9 hazor dukhturi dandon, 25 hazor farmasevt, 161 hazor kor- mandi doroi malumoti miyonai tibbi bud. 27 fakulteti tibbii universitetho dukhtur va 974 maktabi miyonai tibbi kormandoni dorip malumoti tibbi tayyor mekunand.

Maorif. Talim dar maktab hatmi buda, az sinfi 6-solagi sar shuda 9 sol, dar baze muzofotho 10 sol davom mekunad. Zinai ibtidoi, ki maktabi asosi nom dorad (sinfhoi 1—4, dar baze muzofotho sinfhoi 1—6) baroi hamai bachagon hatmist. Badi khatmi on khonaidagon ba se tipi gunoguni maktabho taqsim meshavand: maktabi asosii hatmi, maktabi reali va gimnaziya. Muhlati tahsil dar maktabi asosii hatmi 5—6 sol ast. Soli tahsili 1978/ 79 dar Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG 17797 maktabi asosi bud, ki dar onho 5 718124 talaba mekhond. Tipi duyumi maktab — maktabi rea- li (sinfhoi 5—10 yo 7—10) malumoti miyonai nopurra medihad. Soli tahsili 1978/79 dar 24888 maktabi reali 1350 721 talaba mekhond. Tipi seyumi maktab-gimnaziya (sinfhoi 5 —13 yo 7—13) malumoti miyonai purra medihad. Soli tahsili 1978/79 dar 2442 gimnaziya 213353 talaba mekhond. Talimi hatmii kasbomuzi vujud dorad. Soli tahsili 1978/79 dar 6396 maktabi kasbomuzi va omuzishgohho 261139 talaba mekhond. Ba sistemai malumoti oli universitetho, donishkadahoi oli, maktabhoi olii rassomi, maktabhoi tekhniki va gayra dokhil meshavand. Muhlati tahsil dar donishkadahoi oli az 3 to 7,5 sol. Soli tahsili 1978/79 dar 284 donishkadai oli 94589 va dar 98 universitet 75689 student bud. Kalomtarin universitethoi Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG: Universitethoi Gamburg (tasisash 1919), Myunstor (tasisash 1780), Marburg (tlsisosh 1527), Kyoln (.1388) va gayra.

Aksariyati muassisahoi ilmii Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG dar Jamiyati tadqiqoti ilmii nemis (tasisash 1951) muttahid shudaand. Akademiyahoi fanhoi Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG: akademiyahoi Bavariya (1759), Gyottingen (1751), Geydelberg (1909), Reynu Vestfaliya (1950), Akademiyai ulum va adabist (Mayns, 1949) va kalontarin instituthoi tadqiqoti ilmi.

Kalontarin kitobkhonahoi Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG: Kitobkhonahoi davlatii Mgyunkhen, Frankfurti Mayn, kitobkhonahoi universithoi Gyottipgep, Geydelberg, Kyolp, Tyubipgen va g. Kaloptarin muzeyho:           Muzei millip Bavariya (tasisash 1855, dar Myunkhen), Muzei sanati Frankfurti Mayn (tasisash 1877), Muzei sanati nafisai Bremen (tasisash 1823), Khona-muzei Betkhoven dar Bonn (tasisash 1889), Muzei barodaron Grimm dar Kassel (tasisash 1960), Muzei baynalkhalqii Akhen (tasisash 1885) va digar.

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Soli 1975 dar Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG qarib 1600 gazeta va qarib 9 hazor jurnal nashr meshud. Gazetahoi bonufuzi harruza: «Frankfurter algemayie» («Ggapk!ig1eg A11&e- te’she», az soli 1949); «Velt» («B1e \Ue1», ae 1946); «Bild-saytung» («VIy KheKipe», az 1952); «Zyuddoyche saytupg» («Zibyeizse 2e1ip£», az 1945); «Vestdoyche algemayne («\Usz- Peiase AIveteshe», ae 1948); «Gamburger abendblatt» («Iatigdeg AepaIa», az 1948); «Reinishe post» («Nesh18se Roz», az 1946) va gayra.

Kalontarin gazeta va jurnalhoi jamiyati-siyosii darhaftaina: «Sayt» («B^e 2e1», gazeta az soli 1946); «Shpigel» («Beg 8r1&s1», jurnal az 1947); «Shteri» («Zsgs», jurnal az 1948) va gayra.

Nashriyahoi partiyavi: «Forverts» («Uotchgagz», gazetai harhaftaina az soli 1876, organi Partiyai sotsial-demokratii Germaniya), «Sotsial-demokrat magasin («Zog1a1detokga Maagsh», harmoha az 1974); «Unze- rs sayt» («Shzege 2e1», gazetai harruza az 1969); «Doyche vokhsn- saytung» («Boi1zse \Uosep-2e 1mp&», gazetai harhaftaina az 1959) va gayra.

Dar Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG chandin stansiyahoi regionalii radio va televizion  kor mekunand. Radiostansiyai «Doyche velle» («Boizse \Ue11s») ba 3 zabon va radiostansiyai «Donchlaid- funk» (Bsi1zsIap<1£ipk») ba 14 zabon baroi khorija akhborot meshunavonad.

Adabiyot. Janrhoi gunoguni adabiyoti muosiri Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG asosan ba qalami adibone mansuband, ki shohidi qabohathoi fashizm budand. Dar ocherku hikoyaho va dramai «Dar pasi dar»-i (1947) V. Borkhert (1921— 47), romanhoi «Shikastkhurdagon»-i (1949) X. V. Rikhter (tavallud 1908), «Poezd dar vaqtash meoyad» (1949), «Kujo budi, Odam?»-i G. Byoll (tavallud 1917) va digar asarho fojiai davrai jang va solhoi badi jang inikos yoftaand. Soli 1947 bo rohbarii X. V. Rikhter tashkiloti adabii «Gu-ruhi 47» tashkil shud. Fosh namudani vahshoniyat va jinoyathoi be-amsoli fashizm, ki Germaniyaro ba yak holati nangovar rasonda bud, maromu maqsadi asosii in tashkilot gardid. Dar matbuoti davri asarhoi adiboni irtijoi (Dvinger, Bauer, Konzalii, Kern) niz chop meshudand. Ammo onho ba jarayoni peshqadami  adabiyoti nemis mone shuda natavonistand. Dar in davra yak qator asarhoi pastgoya ham talif shudand.

Badi tashkil shudani Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG (1949) dar hayoti adabi yak nav tanazzule mushohida shud. Harakathoi tajovuzkoronai nasiston va militariston qalbi adibi namoyon G. Byollro ba tugyon ovard. Byoll dar asarhoi «Sukhane ham naguft», «Dar nazari maskharaboz» va digar romanu povest, hikoyavu maqolahoi publisistii khud masalahoi murakkabi ijtimoi-siyosii zamonro ba qalam dodaast. Ba tab rasidani romanhoi G. Grass (tavallud 1927), «Naqorai tunukagi» (1959), «Solhoi purmashaqqat» (1963) dar hayoti adabii Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG voqeai muhime gardid. Asarhoi navisandagon M. Valzer (tavallud 1927), X. M. En-sensberger (tavallud 1929), 3. Lens (tavalldu 1926) va digar baroi adabiyoti gumanisti va hayoti imruzai Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG ahamiyati kalon dorand. Dar ejodiyoti navisavdagone, ki dar tashkiloti «Guruhi 61» muttahid shudaand (M. fon der Gryui, G. Vesterkhoff. Y. Byusher va digar) tasviri hayoti sinfi korgar joi namoyonro ishgol mekunad.

Solhoi 60 ba arsai adabiyot yak zumra shoir va navisandagoni javon baromad. Alhol dar nazmu nasr va dramaturgiya (10. Bekyor, Gabriela Voman, P. Khandke va digar) baroi tozagii zabon muboriza meravad.

Memori va sanati tasviri. Dar nimai duyumi solhoi 40 dar sanati memorii Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG binokorii amali bartari dosht. Dar sokhtmoni binohoi mamuri tamoyuli neoklassisizm az nav jon girift. Az ibtidoi solhoi 50 ba komyobihoi sanati memorii jahoni ru ovarda shud (binohoi L. Mis van der Roz, memorii organikii X. Khering, memorii Berlini Garbii X. Sharun). Okhiri solhoi 50 brutalizmi khosi Germaniyai Gar-bi (O. M. Uigers) shakl girift, okhiri solhoi 60—70 dar sanati memori yak nav tamoyuli peshqadame zuhur yoft.

Dar sanati tasvirii okhiri solhoi 40-avvali solhoi 50 ustodoni nasli kalon (M. Pekhshtenn, K. Shmidt-Rotluf, O. Diks, X. Purman, V. Geyger, 0. Pankok) roli halkunanda bozidand.

Okhiri solhoi 50-avvali solhoi 60 sanati abstrakti (E. V. Iay, T. Verner), syurrealizm (R. Else, F. Radzivill), solhoi 70 uslubi «op-art», «pop art», gipperealizm, «kheppening» mamul gardid. Dar barobari oi dar Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG ananahoi sanati realisti nihoyat purnufuzand, alalkhusus dar sanati haykaltaroshi (G. Marks, E. Matare) va grafika (A. V. Dres-ler, K. Khubbukh, K. Ryossing). Bisyor rassomoni peshqadam dar atrofi jurnali «Ananaho» (tasisash 1960) muttahid gashtaand.

Musiqi. P. Khindemit yake az bastakoroni namoyoni davrai badijangii Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG ba shumor meravad. U operahoi «Garmoniyai olai» (1957); «Tanovuli tulonii ruzi mavludi Iso» (1961), balet, simfoniya va digar asarho ofaridaast. Dar hayoti musiqii solhoi 60-umi Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG K. Orf sahmi kalon dorad; dar repertuari imruzai teatrhoi operai mamlakat asarhoi u (operahoi «Bernauerin», 1947; «Oqila», 1947; «Shoh Edip», 1959; «Prometey», 1968) joi namoyonro ishgol mekunand. Bastakoron V. Egk («Qissai Irlandiya», 1955; «Mufattish», 1957 va gayra) va G. Ryoyter («Raqshoi margi Lyubek»), 1948, «Rohi shahri bakht», 1948) baroi teatrhoi mu-siqi chandin operavu balethoi nav ofaridaand.

Teatr. Badi tashkil shudani Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG chandin teatrhoi nav. («Rezidens-teatr»-i Myunkhen, teatri millii Mengeym dar Gamburg va digar) kushoda va yo az nav sokhta shudand. Baze arboboni teatr dar rivoju ravnaq dodani ananahoi realistonai sanati teatrii milli sayu kushish namuda, dar qatori asarhoi klassikoni nemis asarhoi klassikoni adabiyoti rus va jahon, az jumla asarhoi N. V. Gogol, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, G. Ibsen, B. Shou, E. Silvanus, T. Dorst, M. Valzerro ba sahna guzoshtand. Arboboni teatr M. Kheld, G. Kholsman, E. Shreder, K. Khaars, V. Khins, G. Shvarse va digar dar peshrafti sapati teatrii Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG hissai kalon meguzorand. Teatrhoi nomii mamlakat: «Talia-teatr (Gamburg), «Shaushpilkhauz» (Shtutgart), Teatri nemis (Gyottingen), «Shtaatshaush-pil» (Myunkhen) va digar.

Kino. Avvalin filmhoi badeie, ki dar Germaniyai Garbi ofarida shudand, hayoti khalqi nemisro dar davrai fashizm inikos menamudand («Dar on ruzho», 1947, rejissyor X. Keytier; «Bayni diruz va fardo», 1947,  rejissyor X. Braun; «Rohi tuloni», 1948,       rejissyor X. Fredersdorf). Solhoi 50 dar mamlakat asosan melodramai riqqatovar va mazhakahoi dilkhushkunanda («Yuttakhola az Kalkatta», 1953,      rejissyor G. Yakobi, «Gusari sodiq», 1954,            rejissyor G. Shyundler va digar) ba navor girifta shudand. Ba istehsoli filmhoi shovinisti niz («Zangulahoi Vatan», 1953, rejissyor R. Gugelshtodt, «Zangulahoi tuy», 1954, rejissyor G. Vildkhagen va gayra) ragbat paydo shud.

Dar ayni zamon dar Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG filmhoe ofarida shudand, ki militarizm, fashizm, niqortalabiro fosh mekardand («Geperali iblis», 1955, rejissyor X. Keytner; «Kupruk», 1959, rejissyo B. Vikki; «Gulho baroi janobi prokuror», 1959, rejissyor V. Shtaudte; «Movunderkindho», 1958 va «Arvohhoi kushki Shpessart», 1961, rejissyori har du film K. Gofman). Dar miyonahoi solhoi 60 guruhi «Kinoi javoni nemis» bo programmai ta-jaddudi mavzu va uslubi kinoi Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG baromad kard («Vido bo guzashta», 1966 va «Artistoni zeri gunbazi sirk oshuftaholand», 1968, rejissyori har du film A. Klyuge; «Terlesi javon», 1966, rejissyor F. Shlyondorf; «Saydi ruboh man ast», 1967, rejissyor P. Shamonm va gayra). Dar behtarin filmhoi solhoi 70-umi Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG simoi haqiqii «mujizai iqtisodi» inikos yoftaast («Katselisakher», 1969, «Tarsu vohima jonro fano mekunad», 1974, rejissyori har du film R. Fassoiider; «Dusti amerikoi», 1978, rejissyor V. Venders; «Naqora», 1979, rejissyor F. Shlyondorf). Aktyoroni nomii kinoi Respublikai Federativii Germaniya RFG: X. Ryuman, G. Frebe, K. Yurgens, M. Adorf, O. Fisher, Mariya va Maksimilvap Shell, L. Pulver, X. Shigula va digar.