Perspektivi

Perspektivi (frans. respective; az lot. rerspicio — purra mebinam), sistemai tasviri jismhoi se­chena dar hamvori yo dar yagon sath ast, ki sokhti fazoi va durii qismhoi judogonai onro az mushohid ba nazar megirad. Qoidahoi Perspektivaro ma­tematiki Yunoni Qadim Uklidus (Evklid) dar «Optika» nom asarash sharh doda shud. Olimonu memoroni italiyavi L. Giberti (1378—1455), L. B. Alberti (1404—1472), P. Fran­cheska (1416—1492), G. Ubaldi (1545— 1607) va rassomi nemis A. Dyurer (1471—1528) nazariyai Perspektivaro asosnok kardand. Leonardo da Vivchi (1452— 1519) asoshoi Perspektivai fazoi va J. De­zarg (1593—1662) tarzi tahlilii sokhtani Perspektivaro kashf namudand. Minbad Perspektiva dar jahorchubai geomegriyai tasviri inkishof yoft.

Bo maqsadi hosil kardani tasviri perspektivai yagon jism az nuqtai malumi fazo (markazi pers­pektiva) va az hamai nuqtahoi jism nurho guzaranda, dar sathe tasviri predmetro hosil mekunand. Nuqtahoi burishi nurho bo in sath tasviri perspektiviro medihand (rasm). K — hamvorii surat, T — hamvorii predmet, t₁ t₂  burishgohi in hamvorihost, ki asosi hamvorii suratro tashkil medihad, r — nuqtai asosii surat, s — nuqtai ist.

Perspektivai khathoi rosti parallel bo ham dar hamvorii surat yo berun az on dar khati ufuqii h₁h₂ burida meshavand. Dar asl khatooi rosti parallel dar napari mushooid chun khatooi rosti oamdigarro bu­rayda namudor megardand. Hamiv tavr, Perstektivaii tegahoi 1′ 2′ va 3′ 4′ dar nuqtai G₁ va Perspektivai tegahoi 2′ 3′ va 1′ dar nuqtai G₂ burida meshavand. Nuqtahoi G₁ va G₂ fokusi Perspektiva nom doshta, khathoi va SF1 va SF2 muvofiqan ba tegahoi 1 2 va 1 4 parallel guzaronda meshavand.

Perspektivai dar hamvorii K  hosilshudaro perspektivai khatti menomand. In namudi Perspektiva dar sanati memorivu rassomi beshtar mamul a st.

Agar hamvorii K-ro bo sathi silindri ivaz kunem, perspekti­va i manzaravi hosil meshavad, ki on dar oroishi dekoratsiyaho vase istifoda meshavad. Dar mavridi hamvorii K-ro bo sathi andaruni ku­ra ivaz namudai perspektivai  g u n b a z i hosil megardad.

Ad.: Barishnikov A. P., Perspek­tiva, 4 izd., M., 1955; Khoriya Teodo­ru, Perspektiva, Bukharest, 1964; K l i- mu khin A. G., Teni i perspektiva. M., 1967; Klimu khin A. G., Nachertatel­naya geometriya. M., 1978.