Parazitologiya

Parazitologiya (az yun. rarasitos — parazitho va …logiya), ilmi biologii kompleksiest, ki zuhuroti parazitizmi olami haynonotro hamatarafa meomuzad. Parazitologiya ilmest, ki ba­roi (hifvi sihatii odam va hayvo­not khizmat mekunad, ziddi parazit­ho va qasalihoi siroyati davo meyobad. Az in jihat Parazitologiya bo ilmhoi zo­ologiya, botanika, tib, veterinariya, khimiya va gayra sakht vobasta ast. Parazitologiya bo masalahoi ekologi niz mashgul ast, zero on munosibati bayni parazitu homilro muaynn menamoyad va to chi andoza bo tasiri muhiti beruna vobasta budani onhoro tadqiq meku­nad.

Bo vujudi in az ilmi ekologiya tafovut dorad. Zero organizmi homil baroi parazit muhiti beruna  ast va on muhit ba parazit tavassuti organizmi homil tasir merasonad. Parazitologiyai zamoni hozira metodhoi tadqiqoti biokhimiyavi, immunologi va elektroniyu mikroskopiro vase istifoda mebarad. Istifodai metodi immunologi khususiyathoi munosibati botinii parazitu, homilro zohir megardonad.

Tadqiqi mikros­kopiyu elektronii parazithoi soddatarin (yakhujayragi) nishon medihad, ki onho bar khilofi aqidai pe­shina sokhti murakkab dorand. Malum gardid, ki parazithoi dokhili hujayra bo rohi az in pesh ba ilm nomalum — ba vositai «ultrasitostomho» (onhoro bo mikroskopi opti­ki dida tavonistan amri muhol ast) va pinotsitoz (moero yakjoya bo moddahoi dar vay halshuda jabida giriftani rui hujayra) gizo megirand.

Parazitologiya ba yakchand soha taqsim meshavad:    Parazitologiyai umumi (qonuniyathoi mushtaraki parazitizmro meomuzad), Parazitologiyai t i b b i (parazithoi odamro meomuzad), Parazitologiyai veterinari (dar borai parazithoi hayvonoti khonagiyu khojagii qishloq bahs mekunad) va Parazitologiyai  a g ronomi yo fitolatologi (parazithoi rastaniro meomuzad).

Tadqiqi parazitho, ki beshtari onho ba tahavvuloti guruhhoi muayyani homil zich aloqamandand, baroi muayoyan kardani filogeniya va rohhoi tashakkuli faunai homil malumoti muhim medihad. Dar Parazitologiyaii zamoni hozira problemai makhsusiyat, yane ba yak homili muayyan yo yak guruhi homiloi (muhiti zist) mutobiq shudani parazitho ahamiyati kalon paydo mekunad, chunonchi, paraziti yakkhhjaira (Leishmania tropica) tanho dar hujayrahoi safedi khun (leykotsitho), endoteliyai ragchahoi pusti odam zindagi karda, kasalii leyshmaniozi pust (pashshakhurda, jarohati pendini, jarohati bagdodi)-ro ba vujud meorad. Parazithoe mavjudand, ki faqat dar organizmi homil zindagi karda metavonand, masalan, parazithoi khuni odam Plasmodium vivax, Pl.falciparum, Pl. Tropica , ki onhoro parazithoi khosi mahdud menomand.

Parazithoe hastand, ki homili bisyor dorand — dar jinsho, oilaho va hatto qatorhoi hayvonot zindagi mekunand.In gu­na parazitho (az qabili kayk, kharmagas, kanai iksodi va gayra) hamrohi sohibi khud, yane homile. ki baroyashon muhiti zist ast, dar rui za­min pahn shuda metavonand. Muhiti zisti parazit du khel meshavad: mu­hiti darajai avval — organizmi homil, muhiti darajai duyum — muhite, ki nisbat ba homili parazit tasiri beruna hisob meyobad. Muvofiqi aqidai E. N. Pavlovskiy va V.   A. Dogel, tasiri beruna ba pa­razit tavassuti muhiti darajai av­val, yane ba vositai organizmi ho­mil meguzarad. Mushohidahoi V. A. Dogel nishon dodand, ki parazithoi organizm az tasiri beruna tagyir meyoband, Vazi fiziologii organizmi homil niz dar tagyiri tarkibi onon ahamiyati kalon dorad. Asosguzoroni raviyai Parazitologiyai ekologi E. N. Pavlovskiy va V. A. Dogel ,meboshand.

Dar har yak organizm parazithoi gunogun zindagi mekunand. Chunonchi, parazithoi yakhujayra dar khun,. ruuda, parazithoi pahnkirm dar jigar, ruda, parazithoi girdkirm dar maynai sar, gurda, chashm, tahti pust va gayra duchor meshavand. Majmui parazithoi organizmi homilro parazitosenoz menomand. Tarkibi parazitotsenoz vobasta ba digargunshavii sharoiti beruna va holati fiziologii organizmi homil tagyir meyobad. Tarkibi parazitotsenozi hayvoni alafkhur az darranda farq mekunad.

Parazitologiyai baroi ekologiya, paleogeogra­fiya, halli problemahoi gunogun, talimoti evolyutsioni materiali farovon medihad. Tadqiqoti aloqahoi murakkabi bayni parazit va muhit ahamiyati nazari dorad va ba­roi daryoftani chorahoi ziddi para­zit zarur ast. Binobar in Parazitologiya bo epi­demiologiya va epizootologiya aloqai zich dorad.

Yake az sababhoi pahnshtavii para­zitho va ba organizm roh yoftani kasalihoi parazitiyu siroyati hasharotu kanahoi khunmak meboshand, ki hangomi makidani khun kasaliro az yakorganizm ba organizmi digar meguzaronand. Kasalihoero, ki barangezandai onho ba vositai hasharotu kanaho guzaronida meshavand, kasalihoi transmissivi menomand. Dar Tojikiston az chunin kasaliho — bezgak (varaja), rikketsiozho, listeriozho, teyshmaniozho, teyloriozho khele kam ruy medihand. Barangezandai bazei in kasaliho hayvonot va parrandahoi yoboiro ba kasali tiriftor mekunad. Vale barangezandai bazei digarashon ba organizmi hayvoni vahshi zarar namerasonad.

Talimoti akad. E. N. Pavlovskiy va shogirdonash oid ba manbai tabii doshgani kasalihoi transmissivii odam va hayvonoti khojagi dar Parazitologiya, inchunin tib va veterinariya baroi muboriza bar ziddi kasalihoi transmisiyavi ahamiyati kalon dorad. Dar tabiat manbai kasaliho bisyorand. Baran­gezandai in kasaliho (virusho, bakteriyaho, rikketsiyaho) dar bayni bandpoyhoi khunmak (kana, hasharot) va muhradoron (khoyandaho, hasharotkhurho, parrandaho va gayra) gardish mekunand. Agar odam va hayvoni khonagi ba hamin muhit aftad, siroyat meyobad. Rohhoi muboriza ba muqobi­li in kasaliho: metodhoi terapiya, sanitariyu gigieni, profilakti.

Pesh aqidae vujud dosht, ki guyo parazitho dar organizmi odam khud az khud paydo meshavand. Istifodai metodi ekoperimeogali dar ishkishofi Parazitologiya davrai nave kushod. Ikhtiroi mikroskop, paydoishi usulhoi makhsusi tekhnikai mikroskopi ba kashfi olami mikroorganizmho imkoniyat dod.

Dar nimai duyumi asri 19 mavjudiyati yak qator parazithoi soddatarin va baroi odam (bezgak, leyshmanioz va gayra) va hayvonoti khonagi (piroplazmoz, teylorioz, koktsidiozho va gayra) khavfnok oshkor gardid. Dar Ros­siya G. Gross avvalin shuda amyobai paraziti odam va D. F. Lyamol paraziti soddatarin (yakhujayra)— lyambliyaro kashf kardand. Tadqiqoti parazitologi badi Revolyutsiyai Oktyabr ba tavri amali jarayon girift, miqdori muassisahoe, ki bo halli pro­blemahoi Parazitologiya mashguland, ziyod shudand, shumorai korkunoni ilmi — parazitologho chand marotiba afzud, doir ba sistematika va faunistikai guruhhoi gunoguni hayvonoti parazit asarhoi kalon ba vujud omadand.

Dar Tojikiston ba tadqiqoti pa­razitologi olimi barjastai rus E. N. Pavlovskiy bunyod guzoshta  ast. Malum ast, ki oid ba muborizai ziddi parazithoi odam (rishta, kijja, pashshahoi khunmak va gayra) bo­ri avval Abuali Sino tavsiyaho peshnihod kardaast. Ilmi Parazitologiya boshad, dar RSS Tojikiston tanho bad az omadani ekspeditsiyai parazitologii E. N. Pavlovskiy (1928) ba vujud omad va ravnaq yoft. E. N. Pavlovskiy bo shogirdonash barnomai vasei tadqiqoti parazithoi odam va hayvonoti khonagiro peshnihod kard va baroi amali gardonidani on soli1932 dar Dushanbe St. paraevtologi tashkil namud, Khudi hamon sol dar Dushanbe Instituti tadqiqoti ilmii bezgak (varaja) tasis yoft. Soli 1934 St. parazitologi bo tashabbusi E. N. Pavlovskiy ba sektori zoologiya va parazitologiyai Bazai tojikistonni AF SSSR va soli 1941 ba Instituti zoologiya va parazito­logiya tabdil yoft. Soli 1951 in institut ba hayati muassisahoi ilmii shubai biologii AF RSS Tojikiston dokhil gardid.

Soli 1954 ba in institut nomi E. N. Pav­lovskiy doda shud. Dar Instituti zoolo­giya va parazitologiyai AF RSS Tojikiston, shubai makhsusi Parazitologiya mavjud ast, ki khodimoni ilmii on dar sohahoi gunoguni Parazitologiya tadqiqot meguzaronand. Dar (omukhtali parazithoi odam va hayvonot khodimoni ilmii kafedrahoi zoologiyai UDT ba nomi V. I. Lenin, Instituti davlatii pedagogii Dushanbe, Instituti davlatii pedagogii Leninobod, Instituti tadqiqoti ilmii veterinarii Vazorati khojagii qishloqi RSS Tojikiston niz kori ilmi mebarand. Dar ROS Tojikiston shubai respublikavii Jamiyati umuiiittifoqqi protozoologho niz mavjud ast.

Olimoni mo asosan parazithoi mohii obanborho, pahnkirmhoi parrandaho, parazithoi gov (gelmintologiya), teyloriozho va koktsidiozho, plazmodiyahoi parrandaho, ektoparazithoi hayvonoti shirkhor va parrandahoi respublikaro tadqiq mekunand.

Ad.: Skryabin K. I., Sh u l s R. S., Osnovi obshey gelmintologii, M., 1940; Pavlovskiy E. N., Rukovodstvo po parazitologii cheloveka s ucheniem o perenoschikakh tranmisoivnikh bolezney.