POSTPOZITIVIZM

POSTPOZITIVIZM (az lotini Post — pas, bad va pozitivizm), raviyaest dar sohai metodologiya va mantiqi ilmi muosir, ki zimni bozdidi intiqodii falsafai pozitivistii solhoi 60 asri mo tashakkul yoftaast. Namoyandagoni on T. Kun, M. Polyani, P. Achinshteyn, P. Feyerabend, S. Tulmin, X. Patnem bar khilofi pozitivistoni mantiqi, ki donishhoi insonro hamchun yak majmui tagyirnopazir va farorasidai mafhumho qalamdod karda, az omuzishi tashakkulu taraqqii in mafhumho sarfi nazar kardaand, mahz andeshai metodologii tarikhi ilmro ba maddi nazar guzoshtaand (Dar in bobat makhsusan T. Kun khizmati kalon kardaast). Dar zimni in Postpozitivizm yak qator problemahoi muhimi metodologiro (az qabili inkishofu tagyiri mundarija va tarifi semantikii istilohu mafdumhoi ilmi, tanosubi mafhumho va nazariya, sokhti konseptualii zabon­hoi ilmi va urfi, qiyosi nazariyahoi istisnoi yo alternativy, munosibati nazariya ba tajriba va gayra) ba miyon ovard. Namoyandagoni raviyai mazkur ba tavri qati naboshad ham, to andozae az doirai navpozitivizm baromada, ba darki jihati ijtimoii tashakkuli nazariyahoi ilmi girdokhtaand.

Aqidai metodologii Feyerabend, pesh az hama, az on jihat mahdud ast, ki u zabonro az jumlai padidahoi ijtimoiyu tarikhi namedonad. Zabonro az amaliyai jamiyati judo karda Feyerabend ba khulosai nodurusti gnoseologi meoyad. Az tarafi digar, vay ba Kant payravi namuda, meguyad, ki fakt novobasta ba inu on nazariya umuman vujud doshta nametavonad. Rost ast, ki dar yak istiloh ba sistemai muayyani donishho, yane ba konteksti nazariyae marbut ast va in jihat mundarijai hamon yak mafdum dar dokhili nazariyahoi mutafarriqa gunogun ast. Dar prosessi guzashtan az yak nazariya ba digar nazariya istilohho hatman mazmuni khudro tagyir medihand. Lekin az in dalel hargiz barnameoyad, ki yak naza­riya ba digar nazariyai ilmi hej munosibate nadorad va yo hej nabo­shad qobili muqoisa nest. Vorisiyat va ravobiti nazariyahoro etirof nakarda va jihati inkorro dar inkishofi donishhoi ilmi ba tav­ri mutlaq manidod namuda, baze namoyandagoni Postpozitivizm (Kun va digaron) rost ba relyativizmi falsafi meoyand.

Digar postpozitiviston niz bo vujudi baze nukoti jolibi diqqate, ki dar navishtahoi khud bayon namudaand, masalai tashakkul va taraqqii donishi ilmiro ba tavri boyadu shoyad hal karda natavonistand. Chunonchi, S. Tulmin inkisho­fi ilmro ba surati inkishofi zoti biologi darovarda, dar natija yagon jihati muhimi taraqqiyoti donishro oshkor karda natavonist. Prob­lemai vorisiyat va robitai naza­riyahoro faqat zimni tahlili dialektikii inkishofi mafhum (tagyirothoi sifatiyu miqdorii on) hal kardan mumkin ast. Sarfi nazar az mahdudiyathoi falsafi konsepsiyai metodologii Postpozitivizm jolibi diqqat ast. Postpozitiviston marifatro hamesha dar inkishof, dar jarayoni yakdigarro ivaz namudani nazariyaho va dar muborizai aqidahoi mutazod mebinand. Postpozitiviston inchunin omili muhim budani marifati nazariro dar qiyosi on ba donishi tajribavi etirof menamoyand. Muborizai metodologii onon (makhsusan T. Kun, Feyerabend, P. Achinshteyn) bar ziddi ahkomparasti dar ilmu falsafa dar kori bartaraf sokhtani boqimondahoi pozitivizmi mantiqi kholi az arzish nest.

Ad.: Kun T., Struktura nauchnikh revolyusiy, per. s angl., M., 1977; Strrs- tura i razvitie nauki, per. s angl., m., 1978; shvirev V. S., Empiricheskoe i teoreticheskoe v nauchnom poenanii, M., 1978; Feyerabend R. K., Explanation, Re­duction and Emprlclsn. «Minnesetta Studies fin the philosophy of Science», .Vol. 3, Min­neapolis, 1962; kham on mu a yal.. Aga­inst Mefhod. Outline of an Anarchistic The­ory of Knowledge — In: Minnesotta studies In the Phliosophy of Science. Vol. 4. Minneapolis 1970.

J. Shamsiddinov.