Nomenklatura

Nomenklatura (lot. nomenclatura—nomguy, ruikhati nomho), 1) sistema (majmu)-i nomho, istilohotest, ki dar yagon sohai ilmu tekhni­ka istifoda meshavad. Nomenklaturahoi zerin mavjudand: Nomenklaturahoi khimiyavi Nomenklatura dar botanikayu zoologiya va mikrobiologiya, Nomenklaturahoi anatomi (ba tartib darovardani nomhoi lotinii obekthoi anatomi dar hayvonot baroi dar hamai mamlakatho yak khel istifoda burdani onho), Nomenklatui bemoriho va klassifikatsiyai onho (dar asosi shaklhoi nozologi; nig. Nozologiya), Nomenklatura dar hisobu kitobi bukhgalteri (mundarija va nomi har yak hujjati puli vobasta ba joy tainotash nishon doda me­shavad) va gayra; 2) sistemai alomathoi abstrakti va gayrisharti, ki istifodai onho dar amaliya baroi ishorai predmetni khele qulay ast.

Nomenklaturai khimiyavi — sistemai (majmu)-i nomhoi moddahoi khimiyavi. Avvalin Nomenklaturai khimiyavi, ki khimikoni fransavi bo rohbarii A. L. Lavuaze soli 1787 tartib dodand, dar asosi nazariyai oksigeni sokhta shuda bud. In Nomenklatura dar avvali asri 19 baroi ba vujud omadani yak qator nomenklaturahoi milli asos ruzosht. Nomenklaturai khimivii hozira ba Nomenklaturahoi payvasthoi noorganiki va organiki taqsim meshavad.

Mafhumi asosii Nomenklaturai p a y v a s t h o i n o o r g a n i k i i rusiro khimikoni nimai yakumi asri 19 (G. I. Gess bo kormandonash, V. M. Severgin va digar) ba vujud ovardand. In Nomenklatura badi tarafi D. I. Mendeleev (1861, 1869) az nav kor karda shudan, to solhoi 1930, yane to vaqte ki khimikoni soveti istifodai nomhoi baynalkhalqii az zaboni khalqhoi Evro­pai Garbi baromadaro afzaltar donistand, istifoda meshud. Dar adabiyoti khimiyavii tojiki N baynalkhalqi (NB), ki asosi onro reshai nomhoi lotinii elemevtho tashkil medihand, qabul shudaast. Masalan, gidr. — gidrogen (bydrogenium), karb.— karbon ((carboneum), oks.— oksigen (oxygenium) va gayra.

Nomi radikalhoro az reshai nomi lotinii elementho va suffiksi -il (masalan, karbonil — SO, gidroksil — ON) tartib medihand; nomhoi tarikhi (masalan, ammoniy — NH₄, sian — CN, rodan — GNS va gayra) boshad, betagyir memonand.

Nomi payvasthoi kovalevtii qutbnok yo ionie, ki az atomhoi du ele­ment hosil shudaand, az nomi har du element girifta meshavad; dar in bobat nomi elementi elektromanfiro ba joi avval guzoshta ba on suf­fiksi -id hamroh mekunand va bad elementi elektromusbatro nom megirand. Macalan, NaCl —khloridi natriy, KI — iodidi kaliy, CuS — sulfidi mis va gayra. Darajai oksidshavii ele­menti elektromusbat bo rajami rimi dar qavsayn nishon doda meshavad. Macalan, TLS—sulfidi titan (II), TiS₂— sulfidi titan (IV) va gayra.

Payvasthoi element bo oksigen oksidho nomida meshavand. Agar ele­ment bo oksigen du yo yakchand oksid hosil kunad, on goh darajai oksidshavii onro bo raqami rimi dar qavsayn nishon medihand. Macalan, FeO — oksidi ohan (II), Fe₂Oz — oksyadi ohan (III), SO —oksidi karbon (II), SO — oksidi karbon (IV), S0₂ — ok­sidi sulfur (IV), SO3 — oksidi sulfur (VI) va gayra. Payvasthoe, ki dar onho atomhoi oksigen bayni khud va bo elementi beshtar elektromusbat payvast shudaand (masalan, N—O—O—N), peroksidho nom dorand.

Nomi payvasthoi gidrogenii nometallho, ki mahluli obiashon khosiyati kislotagi dorand, az reshai nomi lotinii elementi duyum bo suffik­si -id va kalimai «gidrogen» tartib doda meshavad. Macalan, H₂S — sulfidi gidrogen, NSL — khloridi gidrogen. Nomi baze payvasthoi ba inho monand (masalan, N₂O — ob, NH₃ — ammiak, RNz — fosfin, AsH₃ — arsin, VN₃ — boran, SN₄ — metay, SiH₄ — silan va gayra.) betagyir memonand.

Nomi kislotahoi oksigendor ae kalimai «kislota», bandaki izofii «i» va reshai nomi lotinii elemen­ti kislotahosilkunanda bo suffik­si -at (baroi darajai balandi ok­sidshavii elementi kislotahosilkunanda) yo -it (baroi darajai pasti oksidshavii elementi kislotahosil­kunanda) tartib doda meshavad. Masalan, H₂SO₄ — kislotai sulfat, H₂S0₃ — kislotai sulfit. Agar shumorai kislotahoe, ki element hosil mekunad, az du ziyod boshad, on goh nomi ani­one, ki dar on element doroi dara­jai balandtarini oksidshavi ast, bo prefiksi -ver va suffksi -at, darajahoi minbadai oksidshavii on az rui kamshaviashon bo suffikshoi -at, -it va dar okhir bo prefiksi gipo va suffksi -at nishon doda me­shavad. Macalan, NSlO₄ — kislotai per­khlorat, NslO₃ — kislotai khlorat, NClO₂—kislotai khlorit, NClO—kislotap gipokhlorit.

Payvasthoe, ki az atomhoi metall va guruhi gidroksil hosil shudaand, gidroksidho nomida meshavand. Agar metall du yo yakchand gidroksid hosil kunad, on goh darajai oksidshavii metallro bo raqami rimi dar qavsayn yo prefikshoe, ki aa shumorai yunoni girifta shudaand, nishon do­da meshavand. Macalan, Fe(OH)j— gidroksidi ohan (II) yo digidroksidi ohan, Fe(OH)₃ —gidroksidi ohan (III) yo tri (se) — gidroksidi ohan.

Hangomi nombar kardani namakhoi oksigendor avval nomi anion (dar hamon shakle, ki dar kislotaho nombar shudaast) va bad nomi ka­ti onro talaffuz mekunand. Masalan, NH₄NO₃—nitrati ammoniy, NaClO₄— perkhlorati natriy va gayra. Ba nomi anioni namakhoi tursh sarchaspaki gpdro- (masalan, NSO₃ —gidrokarbonat) va kationi namakhoi asosi sarchaspatk gidrokso- (masalan, (MgOH)₄SO₄ sulfati gidroksomagniy) ilova me­shavad.

Nomenklaturai payvasthoi organiki majmui prinsipu usulhoi tartib dodani nomi payvasthoi organikiro nishon medihad. Dar tarikhi taraqqiyoti khimiyai organiki Nomenklaturahoi zerin joy doshtand: epiri (triviali), ratsionali, jenevagi (Jeneva, 1892), leji (Lej, 1930) va JUPAC (Ittifoqi baynalkhalqii khimiyai nazariyavi va amali).

Nomenklaturai empiri nomi tasodufii payvasthoi organikist, ki odatan manbai tabii, khosiyati moddaho yo no­mi koshifoni avvalini onhoro nishon medihad (masalan, kislotai murcha, javhari limu va gayra). Inguna nomho dar baze holatho to alhol istifo­da meshavand, masalan, aseton, kislotai asetat va gayra.

Nomenklaturai ratsionali sokhti payvasti organikiro aks menamoyad. Baroi nombar kardani modda sarazoi qatori gomologiro chun asos qabul kar­da, ba gomologhoi boqimondai qator va izomerhoi onho chun hosilai on nom medihand:

Nomenklaturai ratsionali takhti unvoni «radikaliyu funksionali» qismi tarkibii Nomenklaturai payvasthoi organiki — qoidahoi JUPAC, ki solhoi 50—60 asri 20 qabul karda shudaast — gardid. Digar qismi tarkibii on qoidahoi Nomenklaturaii j o y g i r i ast, ki natijai inkishofi minbadai Nomenklaturahoi jene­vagi va leji meboshad. Muvofiqi Nomenklaiurai joygiri asosi nomi payvasti organikiro shumorai yunonii adadi atomhoi karbon, ki ba silsilai daroztarin rost meoyad va guruhhoi funksionalii asosi (funksiya, nig. jadval) tashkil medihand. Radikalhoi ilovagi, bandhoi karati va funksiyahoi digarro bo yorii capchaspak va suffiksho nishon medihand. Adadi onhoro bo shumora (di-, tri-, tetra- va gayra.), joyashonro bo nomeri atomi karboni (atomi karbone, ki radikal yo funksiyaho dar on joygir shudaand) silsilai daroztarin, kharakteri bandhoi karbonro bo suffikshoi -an (karbogidridi ser), -en (bandi duchanda), -in (bandi sechanda), silsilahoi pahluiro bo nomi radikalhoi muvofiq va gurghhoi funksional probo suffikskhoi -ol (spirtho), -on (keggonho), -al (alde- gidho) va gayra ishora mekunand. Ba hamai atomhoi karboni silsilai daroztarin (az nuge, ki silsilai pahlui yo bandi karati va yo digar gu­ruhhoi asosi ba on nazdikand) raqami tartibi guzoshta meshavad (tartibi guzoshtan dar jadval bo raqamhoi rimi nishon doda shudaast). Az rui bayoni mazkur payvasthoi dar bolo ovardashuda nomhoi zerinro megirand: 2,2-dimetilbutan (I); buten-2 (II); butanol-2 (III); 4-fenilbuten-Z-on-2 (IV); kislotai 3-fenil-2 metilpropanat (V).

Dar nomi payvasthoe, ki yakchand funksiyai gunogun dorand, funksiyai asosiro bo suffiks, guruhhoi boqimondaro chun silsilai pahlui (radikal) bo sarchaspak ishora mekunand:

Az rui qoidahoi mazkur nomi payvasthoi sikli (alisikli, aromati, geterosikli), elementoorganiki, stereoizomerho va gayraro niz tartib medihand. Dar in bobat aksar Nomenklaturaiiyavazkunanda (a-pomevkulatura)-ro istifoda mebarand, ki muvofiqi on atomhoi gayrikarbonii silsilaro bo reshai nomi lotinii onho ishora mekunand, masalan,

Nomenklatura dar botanika, zoologiya va mikrobiologiya, sistemai nomhoi ilmii guruhhoi taksonomi— taksonho; yagonagi va sobitii nomhoi ilmii haivonot, rastaniho va mikroorganizmhoro tamin menamoyad. Nomenklaturai botaniki va zoologi az korhoi klassiqii K. Linney (miyonai asri 18), ki avvalin shuda Nomenklaturai binari (duchanda)-i namudhoro istifoda burdaast, ibtido megirad. Muvofiqi on kalimai yakum nomi jins va duyum no­mi namudro (masalan, bunafshai atri — Viola odorata; buzi khojagi — Sarga nircus) ifoda mekuiad. Nomi kategoriyahoi sistematikii az namud ka­lon (jins, qator, oila va gayra) az yak kalima (nomi uninomiali iboratand. Dar zoologiya bo se kalima ifoda kardani nom (nomi trinomiali), ki kalimai seyum nomi zernamudro nishon medihad, niz rasm shudaast (masalan, baroi turoni — Pantera tigris luranica). Ba hamai taksonho nomi lotini medihand,

Azbaski rastanihoi boui khususiyati ba khud khos (bisyor budani navi onho) dorand, baroi nombar kardani onho «Kodeksi baynalkhalqi» qabul karda shudaast. Chunin kodeks baroi bakteriya va mikroorganizmhoi digar niz mavjud ast.

Fiziologiya, biokhimiya va digar ilmhoi biologi niz Nomenklaturai khudro dorand, ki baroi ba moddahoi faoli biolo­gi, masalan, fermentho, nom dodan isti­foda meshavad.

Ad.: Mejdunarodniy kodeks nomen­klaturi dlya kulturnikh rasteniy 1961, M.—L., 1064; Mayr E., Prinsipi zo­ologicheskoy sistematiki, M., 1971.