Nazariyai «koinoti tasfan»

Nazariyai kosmologiest, ki dar on marhalahoi avvalini inkishofi Koinoti tom tabiri fiziki yoftaand. Olimi belgiyagi Jorj Lemetr natijai mushohidahoi astronomii Edvin Habblro tahlilu tarkibi fi­ziki karda ba khulosa omad, ki Koinot dar guzashtai dur dar yak pola­ti favqulodda zich budu bo mururi zamon ba juvbish omada, sakht tarkid va dar nihoyati kor ba holati hozira rasid (olami beist vaseshavanda). Avvalin tahqiqoti kosmogonii Lemetr misli korhoi A. A. Fridman ba zudi faromush shud va faqat pas az 20 sol az nav mavridi nazar gardid. Fiziki amerikoi G. A. Gamov ba komyobihoi navini fizikai yadro takya namuda, masalai ogozi jarayoni vaseshavii Koinotro az sari nav tahqiq karda baromad. Aslan uro problemai tashakkuli tabii va pahnshavii elementhoi khimmivi dar kayhon ba khud jalb karda bud.

Shartu sharoiti fizikii baroi tashakkuli elementhoi vaznin lozimro hamajihata omukhta, olim ba khulosa omad, ki elementhoi mazkur tanho dar guzashtai dur, dar zinahoi avvalini tahavvuli Koinot, dar surate ki moddai kayhoni dar holati bagoyat zich va favquloda tafson bud, ba vujud omada metavonistand. Dar nati- ja G. A. Gamov takomuli farziyai Lemetrro ravo donist. Bino ba «mo­deli tafson»-i Gamov, «tukhmi kayhonii» Lemetr zotan az anbuhi neyt­ronhoi baso jafs iborat bud (yak santimetri murabbai in nakhustmodda mlrd-ho tonna vazn dosht!). Dar natijai tarkishi tukhmi mazkur boshad, yak nav alangai bemislu monande ba vujud omad, ki haroratash ba 3 mlrd daraja merasid. Aniqtarash, in harorati Koinotest, ki sinnash barobari 20 son ast, yane sukhan dar borai sharoiti fizikie meravad, ki 20 son bad az «Tarkishi Buzurg» ba amal omadaast. Agar sanahoi az in ham barvaqttari taraqqiyoti Koinotro nazar afkanem, ayon megardad, ki materiyai kayhoni dar holathoi az in ham garmtar (suzontar) budaast. Bunyodi elementhoi khimiyavi aynan dar davomi avvalin 30 daq. «hayoti» Koinot tashakkul yoftaast: porahoi tukhmi ibtidoi

neytronhoi alohida dar navbati khud ba elektronho va protonho judo shudaand va soni in zarraho ba neyt­ronhoi boqimonda payvast shuda, yadrohoi atomhoi oyandaro ba vujud ovardaand.

Modeli tafsoni Gamov bar khilofi beshtarin modelhoi digari kos­mologi abstraktnihod nabud, balki farziyai konkretii astrofizikie bud, ki rohhoi taftishu sanjishi khulosahoi khudro muqarrar mekard. Chunonchi, Gamov peshgui namud, ki dar fazoi kayhon boqimondahoi nakhustafkanishot hanuz ham hastand; hamkoroni u Alfer va German boshand, muqarrar namudand, ki agar osori alangai ibtidoi dar haqiqat ham hanuz boshad, pas haror. hozirai vay az rui shkalai Kelvin ba 5 daraja barobar ast. Bo vujudi chunin khulosahoi daqiqu ayoni fiziki, tanqiqoti Gamov va shogirdoni u az doirai etibori ahli ilm berun mond. Albatta on solho (1946—1948) radioastronomiya hanuz dar gahvora bud va tajhizoti hassosu daqiqqori qaydgire nadosht, ki in qadar afka- nishoti sustro oshkor karda tavonad. ‘

Az in ru ham fizikho pai barsokhtani naqshahoi navi «azal» kushidand. Chunonchi, akad. Ya. B. Zel­dovich ba nom «modeli khunuk»-ro peshnihod namud, ki muvofiqi on plazmai ibtidoi, yo agar obraznok karda guem, atolai zarrahoi nakhustini olam az omekhtan protonho, neytronho va neytrinohoi khunuk iborat bud. Se sol pas (1964) I. D. Novikov va A. G. Doroshkevich du mo­deli imkonpaziri «azal»—modeli tafson va modeli khunukro ba ham muqoisa namuda, rohi sanjishi amalii onhoro muqarrar kardand. Spektri afkanishoti sitoraho va manbahoi kayhoniro omukhta, olimon ba khulosa omadand, ki andozagirii ast­rofiziki dar diapazoni kutohi radiomavjho (dar fosilai az 0,06 sm kashida to 30 sm) girehi masalaro khohad kushod: agar boqimondahoi af­kanishoti avvala, yane shuohoi garmie, ki plazmai zarrahoi nakhustin az khud barovarda bud, kashf kar­da shavand, pas modeli tafson durust ast va agar onho yofta nashavand, in alomati durustii modeli khunuk mebud.

Dar ayni zamon yak guruh mutakhassisoni amerikoi dar Prinston bo rohbarii fiziki maruf Robert Dikke, bekhabar az tahqiqoti peshinai Gamov, Alfer va German, az sa­ri nav modeli tafsoni «azal»-ro peshnihod namudand. Aslan onho raftori modeli «lappanda» (vaseu fishurdashavanda)-ro tadqiq mekardand va donistan mekhostand, ki dar mavridi mazkur Koinot az yak holat ba holati digar chi khel meguzarad. Olimoni amerikoi in masalai muhimi fizikiro andesha namuda, khulosa barovardand, ki Koinoti hozira dar ogozi taraqqiyotash dar hola­ti fishurdashuda buda, haroratash ba 10 mlrd daraja merasad. Bo iborai digar, Koinot «kurai otashafshone»-ro memond, ki zotan muhiti bagoyat zich va tafson buda, az khud seli kaloni nuri garmiro meaf- kand. Mutakhassisoni prinstoni ay­nan pai daryoftani boqimondai ana hamin afkanishot shudand, ki meboist to makonu zamoni mo omada rasad.

Azoi guruhi tahqiqotii R. Dik­ke az laboratoriyai fizikii Palmer R. G. Roll va D. T. Uilkinson hamon zamon ba ikhtiro va ozmoishi dastgohi qaydgir shuru namudand, to ki afkanishoti gumonzadro oshkor sozand. Vale hanuz dastgohi onon tayyor nashuda va az ozmoish naguzashta bud, ki Arno Penzias va Robert Uil­son yak afkanishoti nomalumro ba qayd giriftand: on novobasta ba samti nazar yakzayl «shavqun» karda, ba radioaloqa khalal merasond. Andozagirihoi minbadai Roll va Uil­kinson, Houell va Sheykshaft va digaron bo kamoli aniqi isbot kardand, ki mushohidahoi Penzias va Uilson tasodufi nabuda, balki aynan guvohii onand, ki dar fazoi kayhon boqimondahoi afkanishoti nakhustin hastand; faqat vay aknun khele khunuk shudaast (darajai haroratash hamagi 3 darajai Kelvin).

Ana hamin tavr modeli «Koinoti tafson» dar amal sobit shud. A. Penzias va R. Uilson baroi kashfi afkanishoti boqimonda bo mukofoti Nobeli sarfaroz karda shudaand (soli 1978).

Ad.: Tursunov A., Bandi falak, D., 1976; hamon mu a l l., Filosofiya i sovremennaya kosmologiya. M., 1977; 3 e l -d o v i ch  Ya. V., N ov i k o v I. D.. Stroe­nie i evolyutsiya Vselennoy, M., 1975; S. Vayiberg. Pervie tri minuti. M., 1981.