BORBAD

BORBAD (taqriban 585-89, Niso (Nusay), Marv – 628-38, Taysafun, Marv), saroyanda, navozanda, musiqidoni eroni, asosguzori majmui silsilavii musiqii ustodonai ero­ni va Sharq. Bo nomhoi Borbadi Marvazi, Borbadi Romishgar, Pahlapat, Fahlbad, Fahlbaz (Pahlapat, Fahlbad, Fahlbaz) ham yod meshavad. Manoi kalimai «Borbad» dar zaboni pahlavi (forsii miyona) «ba martabai buzurg yo ba bori buzurg rasidan» ast. Sarvari romishgaroni darbori shohanshoshi sosoni Khusravi Parviz (hukmroni 592-628). Asoshoi amaliyu nazarii sheru musisiro az padarash, ki musisidonu farhangii shinokhtai zamonash bud, omukhtaast. Faoliyati omuzishi va hunaranduziash asosan dar Marv (Marvijahon), ki az buzurgtarin markazhoi farhangii zamoni Sosoni­yon bud, jarayon giriftaast. Muvofiqi akhbori manobei khattii arabizabon, forsii tojiki, armani (al-Johiz, 775-818; Ibni Khurdodbeh, favt 912; Masudi, favt 957; Ibni Muqaffa, 721-757; Abulfaraji Isfahoni, 897- 967 va digar) khonavodai Borbad taqriban solhoi 588-90 ba in shahr kuchidaast. Borbad az ovoni javoni az donandagoni she­ru musiqi ovozkhoni, soznavozi va asoshoi nazarii musiqiro omukhta, dar asosi «Gotho», «Yasht», «Yasno» taronahoi gunogunmavzui mavsimiyu marosimi ejod menamo­yad. Dar shaklu anvoi sheriyu musiqii «tranak» (tranak – tarona), «chikamak» (chikamak – chakoma), «srut» (srut – surud), «patvoja» (patwajak) va gayra asarho meofarad va chun saroyanda, navozanda va shoiri boistedod ba kamol merasad. Asari silsilavii musiqii B. «Khusravoni» («Sruti Khusravonik» – Xusrawanik, «Khusravoni bor» – «Surudi Khusravoni»), ki dar manobei adabiyu tarikhi va musiqi bo nomhoi «Dastoni Khusravoni», «Rohi Khus­ravoni» va dar arabi bo unvoni «Tariqatu-l-mulukiya» mashhur ast, binobar tavzehu tavsifi musiqidonon az avvalin majmui muhtashami ustodonai soziyu ovozi dar tarikhi tamadduni musiqii mardumi eroni va umuman Sharq meboshad. In asar majmui sitoishii khamosiyu ta­rikhi buda, ba shohanshohi sosoni Khusravi Parviz (590- 628) bakhshida shudaast. Borbad inchunin silsilai digari musiqiro bo nomi «Sraishnik» – Srayishnik sokhtaast, ki dar surudhoi on tabiat, sirishtu taqdiri inson, kornamoii pahlavonon va gayra sitoish gardidaand. Dar manobei khatti («Kitobu-t-toj»-i al-Johiz) in silsila bo nomi «Sarvad Hunavak» – Sarwad hunawak (surudhoi khushohang, zamzamai sokhtu tarkiban sitoishi) beshtar yod shuda, dar tashakkuli majmui musiqii tavsifii oyanda naqshi muassir doshtaast. Borbad dar darbori shohanshohoni sosoni ba martabai «sarvar», «shohi romishgaron» merasad.

Faoliyati ejodii Borbad dar darbor dar hamkori bo musiqidonon, hunarvarone chun Nakiso, Sarkab, Bomshod, Romtin, Ozodvori Jangi, Gesui Navogar ranginu purbor guzashta, majmui ziyodi surudu ohanghoi marosimiyu mavsimi ejod menamoyad. Dar adabiyoti ilmii musiqii forsii tojiki va arabizabon (Forobi, Kotibii Khorazmi, Ibni Zayla, Nasiruddini Tusi va digaron) namunai barjastai tasnifoti ustodonai musiqiro dar misoli majmuai silsilai Borbad «Tariqatu-l-qadimiya», «Tariqatu-l- Fahliziya», «Forsiyot», «Forsivonsurud» natijagiri kardaand.

Oid ba zindagi va ejodiyoti Borbad dar manobei khattii toislomi, davrai islomii asrhoi miyona tavsifoti ziyod zikr yofta, az shuhrat va mahorati ejodiyu ijroiyash bisyor sukhan meravad. Uro muallifi 30 lahn, 365 ohangu tarona, 7 dastoni «Khusravoni», bunyodguzori sabki «Marvisraishnikh» (marvikhoni), muassisu tanzimgari «taqvimi musiqi» dar tamadduni musiqii mardumi Sharqi Miyonavu Nazdik, tadvingari avvalin maktab, ravnyai ustodonai ijroi va gayra donistaand. Ikhtirooti musiqii Borbad voqean dar shaklgirii bisyor janru anvoi na faqat musiqii mardumi eroni, balki digar khalqhoi Sharq zaminai asosi guzosht. Khususan 30 lahni Borbad az ikhtirooti nodiri soziyu ovozi mahsub yofta, minbad asosi shuba, gusha, shokhahoi soziyu ovozii maqomho (12 maqom, 12 parda, «Haftdastgoh», «Shashmaqom») gardidaand. Dar makhazhoi khattii tarikhiyu adabi (farhanghoi forsii tojiki, dostoni «Khusrav va Shirin»-i Nizomii Ganjavi va gayra) nomu adadi si lahni Borbad ba tavri gunogun omada va nomhoi asosii on tibqi manobei khattii musiqi va manzumai Malikushshuaro Bahor chunin ast: «Oroishi Khurshed», «Oyini Jamshed», «Avrangi», «Bogi Shirin», «Takhti Toqdis», «Huqqai Kovus», «Rohu ruh», «Farrukhruz», «Romishi jon», «Sabz dar sabz», «Sarviston», «Sarvi sahi», «Shodurvoni Marvorid», «Shabdiz», «Qufli rumi», «Ganji bodovard», «Ganji sukhta», «Kini Eraj», «Kini Siyovush», «Moh bar kuhon», «Mushkdona», «Marvoi nek», «Mushkmoli», «Mehrgoni», «Noqus», «Navbahori», «Nushinlabon», «Nimruz», «Nakhchirgon», «Ganji gov». Si lahn va digar tasnifoti Borbad voqeoti ta­rikhi, farhangi, jashnu marosimho, kornomavu jahonkushoiho, sarguzashti rodmardoni tarikhi bostoni mardu­mi eroniro bayon namudaand. Borbad ba sifati ustodi farhangistoni (ramishsray) hunari Sosoniyon dar tabaqabandii dasta, guruhhoi hunari, korguzorii guruhho (musiqii darbori, musiqii harbi, musiqii marosimi, musiqii razmi, musiqii bazmi va gayra) khidmati shoista namuda, ba­roi har guruhi hunari tasnifoti musiqi sokhtaast. Har dastai tartibdodai Borbad khud rohbare dosht, ki onro «khurrambosh» (xwarambach) va yo «khuniyokih» (huniyakih), «khuniyokar» (huniyakar – rohbari musiqi) meguftand. Sarparastii hamai dastahoi soziyu ovoziro Borbad ba uhda dosht va in rutbaro «gasanguft« (qasanqoft), gasanriyshnih» (qasansrayishnih, yane sarvaru rahnamoi surudguyon, navozandagon) menomidand. Borbad dar vusati hunarii dastahoi kasbii ijroii berunazdarborii zamoni Sosoniyon bo nomi «gasanik» – qasanik (surudguyon), «gasanguft» (qasanqoft), gavasan» (qavasan), gavasansroishan (qavasansrayishan – mutribon, ustodoni saroyanda, musannif), «raviustadan» (raviystadan – guyandagoni dostonhoi tarikhiyu khamosi), «nivakustadan» (nivaqystadan – soznavozon, ohangsozon, saroyanda – navozamda) va digar tabaqavu guruhhoi musiqi niz sahmi khossi ejodiyu ijroi doshtaast. Nizomi musiqii murattabnamudai Borbad dar rushdi poyahoi kasbiyati musiqi, mavqei ijtimoi va masuliyati ahli musiqi dar jomea naqshi muhim bozidaast. Borbad inchunin dar tabaqa­bandii ovozhoi ijroi, yane zanona (zananik – zananik) va mardona (mardikavach – mardikawach) asarhoi soziyu ovozi tasnif kardaast. Masalan, baroi zanoni ovozhoi bo nomi «Tahnis» (Tahnis) asarho ofaridaast. Obraz, shakhsiyat va merosi musiqii Bm dar osori khattii forsiyu ara­bizabon ziyod ba qalam omada (dostonhoi Firdavsi, Nizomi, Amir Khusrav, gazalu qasoidi klassikoni fors-tojik va arab), risolahoi nazariyavi, talifoti qomusi (Forobi, Kotibii Khorazmi, Ibni Zayla, Nasiruddini Tusi, Qaysi Rozi va digaron) ba naqshi u dar poyaguzorii musiqii klassikii mardumi Sharq bahoi baland dodaand. Hamchunin dar donishnomahovu tahqiqoti nazariyavii zamoni shuravi, pajuhishgaroni Avrupo doir ba sahmi Borbad dar bunyodi majmui silsilavii musiqi, khossa sanati maqomkhoni natijagirihoi jolib ruyi kor omadaand, ki in khulosaho bar poyai akhbori mutamadi khattii zamoni Sosoniyon va badi tavzeh shudaand. Barobari dar sanati musiqii ustodona (maqomho) tasir doshtani osori Borbad, inchunin yake az sabkho, shaklhoi ijroiyu ejodii khele qadimii musiqi, ki dar ananoti ejodiyoti badeii tojikon naqshi muassir dorad va on bo nomi «Marvi» (mavrigi), «Marvicha», «Marvikhoni» maruf ast, bo shakhsiyati in ustodi musiqi irtibot dorad. In sabki ejodiyu ijroi to imruz dar ananoti musiqii tojikon barjost. Shakhsiyat va osori Borbad chun khoriqai buzurgi huna­ri mavridi barrasii ahli tahqiq, khunaru adabi har dav-ru zamon budaast. Soli 1985 dar shahri Dushanbe 1400-solagii zodruzi Borbad jashn shrifta shud. Ba khotiri abadigardonii shakhsiyati Borbad dar jumhuri kokhu khiyobonho ba nomi Borbad nomguzori va doir ba dastovardhoi musiqi Joizai ba nomi Borbad tasis doda shudaast.

Adabiyot.: Vizgo T. Muzikalnie instrumenti Sredney Azii. Moskva, 1980; Vinogradov V. Klassicheskie tradisii iranskoy muziki. Moskva, 1982; Abdullo Oriyopur. Borbadi romishgar. Dushanbe, 1989; Borbad, epo­kha i tradisii kulturi. Dushanbe, 1989; Borbadnoma. Dushanbe, 1989; Rajabov A. Sarnavishti khunyogar. Dushanbe, 1989; Hamon. Borbad va zamoni u. Dushanbe, 2004; Hamon. Tradisii klassicheskoy muzikalnoy kulturi epokhi Sasanidov. Dushanbe, 2005; Borbad: epokha, tradisii i novatorstvo. Dushanbe, 2010.                                                                                                                         

A. Rajabov.