BOR Nile Henrik David

BOR Nile Henrik David (7.10.1885, Kopengagen, Da­niya – 18.11.1962, hamon jo), fizik-nazariyapardoz va khodimi jamiyatii daniyagi, yake az asosguzoroni fizikam muosir. Khatmkardai Universiteti Kopengagen (1908). Solhoi 1911-12 dar Kembrij bo J. J. Tomson va dar Manchester bo E. Rezerford kor kardaast. Professori Universiteti Kopenga­gen (1916). Bor hamchun asosguzori nazariyai kvantii atom mashhur ast. Dar tahiyai asoshoi mekhanikai kvanti, naza­riyai hastai atom va reaksiyahoi hastai, ravandhoi tasiri mutaqobilai zarrahoi bunyodi bo muhit sahmi buzurg dorad. Soli 1903 ba Universiteti Kopengagen dokhil shuda, fizika, kimiyo, nujum va riyoziyotro omukht. Dar on jo nakhustin tahqiqoti u bakhshida ba lappishi jarayoni moe baroi nisbatai saheh, muayyan kardani buzurgii kashishi sathii ob bud. Baroi in tahqiqoti nazariyavi soli 1906 sazovori medali tiloi Jamiyati shohii Daniya gardid. Soli 1910 ba unvoni magistr sohib shuda, soli 1911 risolai doktoriro oid ba nazariyai kpassikii elektronii filizzot difo kard. Dar in asari ilmi Bor goyahoi Lorensro inkishof doda, teoremai muhimmi mekhanikai omorii klassikiro isbot kard, ki muvofiqi on momenti magnitii majmui dilkhohi zaryadhoi elektrikii bunyodi, ki az ruyi qonunhoi me­khanikai klassiki dar maydoni magnitii doimi harakat mekunand, dar holati statsionari ba sifr barobar ast. Soli 1919 novobasta ba u in teoremaro Yokhan van Lyoven kashf kard, az in ru, onro teoremai Bor – van Lyoven menomand. Az teoremai mazkur barmeoyad, ki khususiyathoi magnitii modda (az jumla diamagnetizm)-ro dar chorchubi fizikai klassiki bevosita manidod kardan mumkin nest. Mahz hamin holat boisi ba mekhanikai kvanti ruy ovardani Bor gasht. Baroi isboti ustuvorii atomi Rezer­ford Bor soli 1913 du aqida (postulat) peshnihod kard, ki bo nomi «postulathoi Bor» mashhurand. Muvofiqi onho baroi elektron madorhoi muntakhabe mavjudand, ki elek­tron dar onho harakat karda, bar khilofi qonunhoi elektrodinamikai klassiki energiya nameafkanad va energiyaro furu ham namebarad, ammo jahida ba madori «imkonpazir»-i ba hasta nazdiktar guzashta metavonad. In «jahish»-i elektron bo khorij shudani kvanti energiya (porsiya) ba amal meoyad. Nazariyai dar asosi in postulatho bunyodyoftai sokhti atom, ki onro khudi Bor va fizikhoi di­gar inkishof dodaand, makhsusan ustuvor budani atomro bori avval sharh dod. Yane, hangomi ba hamdigar nisbatan sust barkhurdani atomho onho sokht va khosiyati spektri khudro nigoh medorand. Bor soli 1923 bori avval dar asosi modeli peshnihodkardaash jadvali davrii Mendeleevro manidod va soli 1936 tarifi tasavvuroti umdai fizikai hastaro dar khususi guzashtani reaksiyahoi hastai (modeli hastai tarkibi) bayon kard. Soli 1939 hamrohi I. A. Uiler nazariyai taqsimshavii hastaho – ravandero, ki dar vaqti on miqdori azimi energiyai has­ta khorij meshavad, inkishof dod. Soli 1943 binobar taqibi fashiston ba IMA raft. Dar in jo Bor dar sokhtani bombai atomi ishtirok kard va badi Jangi duyumi jahoni (1939-45) ba Daniya bargasht. Solhoi badijangi dar muboriza ziddi tahdidi jangi atomi faolona shirkat varzid. Solhoi 40-50 asri 20 Bor asosan tasiri mutaqobilai zarrahoi bunyodiro ba muhit omukht. Soli 1921 bo tashabbusi u Instituti fizikai nazariyavi kushoda shud, ki alhol «Instituti Nile Bor» nom dorad. Bor maktabi buzurgi baynalmilalii fizikhoro bunyod guzoshta, shogirdoni ziyode tarbiya kardaast. Ba sharafi u unsuri 105-umi jadvali Mendeleev (dubniy) to soli 1997 nomi «nilsboriy» dosht va hamon sol ba unsuri 107-um nomi «borin» dodand. Ba nomi Bor asteroidi № 3948 guzoshta shuda (1985), Bonki millii Daniya rasmi uro dar asori milli (500 kron) poy dodaast.

Bor dorandai mukofoti Nobel oid ba fizika (1922), mukofoti «Baroi atomi beziyon» (1957) buda, bo medalhoi Matteuchchi (1923), ba nomi Maks Plank (1930) va Kopli (1938) sarfaroz gardidaast. Bor uzvi Jamiyati shohii Daniya (1917) va prezidenti on (1939), uzvi ziyoda az 20 akademiyai jahon, az jumla uzvi fakhrii khorijii AI IJShS bud (1929).

Osor: Atomnaya fizika i chelovecheskoe poznanie. Moskva, 1961; Izbran­nie nauchnie trudi. Moskva, 1970-71.

A. Komili.