Ilm

SUNBODA, sumboda (sangi sayqal), jinsi kuhii kristallist, ki az dovahoi maydayu mahini korund va digar mineralho (magnetit, sulfidho va abraqhoi murt) tarkib yoftaast. Qarib 60% tarkibi onro korund tashkil medihad. Sakhtiash az rui shkalai mineralogi 7—8. Sunboda beshtar dar bayni marmar dar shakli linza, shtok va gayra, bazan dar bayni …

SUDUR (arabi      —sodir namudan, beruv ovardan), tajalli, ishroq, fayazon, emanasiya, dar falsafa yak amsli ruhoniro guyand, ki dar jarayoni on ba zoti vohid silsilai marotibi hasti paydo meshavad. Nazariyai Sudurro dar falsafai atiqa asosan namoyandagoni navaflotuniya (Ammoniy Sakkas, Plotin) tashakkul dodaand. Plotin dar «Ennezd» mohiyati nazariyai Sudurro chunin bayon karrdaast: …

SULFIDHO (az lotinisulphur, sulfur — sulfur), payvasthoi khimiyavii sulfur bo metallho va baze gayrimetallho; namakhoi kislotai gidrogensulfid (N2S). Sulfidho du khel meshavand: Sulfidhoi miyona — M2S va tursh (gidrosulfidho) — MNS (M — metalli yakvalenta). Sulfidhoi metallhoi ishqori moddahoi berang buda, dar ob nagz hal meshavand. Muhiti mahluli obiashon ishqorist. …

SULFATHO (az lotini sulfur — sulfur), namakhoi sulfat, namakhoi kislotai sulfat N2SO4-ro guyand. Sulfatho du khel meshavand: miyona —M2SO4 va tursh (gidrosulfatho) —MNSO4 (M—metali yakvalenta). Sulfatho moddahoi kristallii berang (agar kation berang boshad) buda, aksarashan dar ob nagz hal meshavand. Sulfathoi tursh dar holati sakht faqat baroi metallhoi faol (Na, …

SULFUR (lotinisulfur — zardi baland), S, dar sistemai davrii Mendeleev elementi guruhi U1-ro nomand. Raqami atomi 16, massai atomi 32,06. Sulfuri tabii az chor izotopi sobit iborat ast, na az onho izotopi 32S (95,02%) qismi asosiro tashkil medihad. Sulfuri khudruy az qadimulayyom malum ast. Onro dar jangho chun tarkibi otashdihanda …

SUBSTRAT (az lotini substratum — asos), osori zaboni aslii mardumi mahallist, ki dar zaboni navi onho bo sababhoi gunoguni tarikhi roh yoftaand. Masalan, Substrati kelti dar zaboni fransavi, Substrati daki dar zaboni rumini, Substrati eroni dar baze shevahoi zaboni uzbeki. Substrat natijai duzaboni va tasiri mutaqobili onhost. Dar natijai kuhnavu …

SUBEKT (az lotini subjectus — mubtado, asos) dar falsafa insoni muhaqqiq va tagyirdihandai olami voqeiro guyand; u fardest, ki shuur va ikhtiyor doshta, ba faoliyati bomarom qodir buvad. Jihati khosi Subekt faoliyatest, ki hadafash obekt meboshad. Materializmi dialektiki mafhumi Subektro dar aloqamandi bo (amaliya tabir mekunad. Marksizm mohiyati ijtimoi va …

SUBEKTIVIZM, yak mavqei jahonbiniest, ki qonunhoi obektivii tabiatu jamiyatro inkor menamoyad. Subekt yake manbahoi gnoseologii idealizm, bunedi falsafii revizionizm va volyuntariam dar siyosat ast. Subekt dar falsafa az igroqi maqoli faolonai subekt dar jarayoni marifat sar mezanad. J. Berkli, D. Yum, I. T. Fikhte namoyandagoni Subekt budand. Unsurhoi Subekt ba …

SUBH, yak hodisai optikiro guyand, ki pesh az tului Oftob dar atmosfera ba vujud meoyad va dar jarayoni on havo muntazam ravshan meshavad. Davomoti Subh bo kunji bayni samti harakati shaboruzii zohirii Oftob dar gunbadi osmon va ufuq muayyan meshavad; az in sabab Subh ba arzi geografii mahal vobasta ast: …

STRONSIANIT, mineral, karbonati stronsiy, Sr[S03]. Bori avval soli 1787 dar nazdikii mahalli Stronshiani Shotlandiya yoft shudaast. Aksar vaqt dar tarkibash SaSo3, baean VaO va RbO dorad. Rangash safed yo zardi ravshan. Sakhtiash 3,5—4; zichiash 3,5—4 g/sm8. Dar baze raghoi gidrotermali yakjoya bo sulfidho, kalsit, barit va gayra vomekhurad.