Viloyati tarikhii FARGONA

FARGONA, Farogona, Fragona, Feykhan, Bokhan, Polona, Pakhaina, viloyati tarikhiyu geografiest dar Osiyoi Miyona. Fargona dar davrahoi qadim yak qismi hududi hozeirai viloyati Leninobod (rayonhoi Konibodom, Isfara, Asht)-i RSS Tojikiston, viloyathoi Fargona, Namangon, Andijoni RSS Uzbakiston va viloyati Ushi RSS Qirgizistonro dar bar megirift.
Dar hududi Fargona boshishgohhoi avvalin dar asri sang ba vujud omadaand. Dar mahalli Haq (Namangon) kuzai filizi, porahoi kordi birinji, dar qabristoni Dahana (rayoni Asht) asbobhoi birinji, mujassamahoi khurd-khurdi hayvonot va gayra yoft shudand, ki onho dar borai dar asri birinji dar Fargona maskun shudani odamon guvohi medihand. Dar Fargona asri 10—8 to melod madaniyati Chust vujud dosht. Mardum beshtar ba ziroat mashgul budand. Dar asrhoi 7—4 to melod sokinoni Fargona misli digar khalqiyathoi Osiyoi Miena (sugdiyon, khorazmiyon, bokhtariho) davrai baitmomrasii guzarish az shikorchigi ba dehqoniyu chorvodori, bavujudoii inshooti obyori va boshishgohhoi kaloni muqimiro az sar guzaronidand. In davrai eylatanni Fargonaro badtar madaniyati Shurabashotu Marhamat (asrhoi 4 to melod—4 melod) ivaz kardand.
Boshishgohho va qabristonhoi doroi oloti safolii navi eylatani shahodat medihand, ki dar asrhoi 6— 4 to melod dar nohiyahoi sharqi va markazii Fargona aholii muqimii ziroatkor zindagi karda, anavahoi madaniyati khosi khudro doshtaast, ki on aza madaniyati Sugd, Margiyon, Port va Khorazm kamu besh farq doshtaast. Dar natijai tadqiqi yodgorihoi asrhoi 6—4 to m. malum gardid, ki fargonagiho dar in asrho ba davrai navi inkishofi madaniyati mahalli dokhil shuda budaand. Bo tasis yoftani davlati Davon dar davrai Shurabashot va Marhamat shahrchaho va inshooti navi obyori ba vujud omadand. Dar Fargona az ahdi qadim sar karda qavmhoi eroninajod mezistand (avvalho sugdiyon va sakoiyon, sonitar khalqiyate, ki eroniiasl buda, dar gaminai aholii Fargona paydo shud va fargonagiho nom girift). Zaboni onho yake az shevahoi zabonhoi eronii sharqi bud.

Dar borai dinu oini fargonagihoi qadim malumot khele kam ast. Dar natijai hafriyoti arkheologi dar sohili daryoi Khojaboqirgon (rayoni Laylaki RSS Qirgiziston) kharobai havlii kalone kashf shud, ki khonahoi istiqomatiyu ibodatkhonai purnaqshu nigore dorad. Dar yake az sufachahoi ibodatkhona buthoi gachii odamsimo istodaand. Dar khudi hamin jo se bukhurdon yoft shud. Dar okhiri asri 4 to melod Iskandari Maqduni Osiyoi Miyonaro istilo kard. Yak qismi Fargonai Garbi yakjoya bo Istaravshan avval ba hayati imperiyai Iskandari Maqduni, sipas ba davlati Selevkiyon dokhil shud. Dar natija madaniyati ellinisti dar madaniyati moddiyu manavii fargonagihoi gar, bi naqshi khose guzosht. In pesh az hama dar sanati kuloli zohir gardid. Bostonshinoson dar natijai hafriyoti arkheologi dar Fargonai Garbi (rayonhoi hozirai Asht va Konibodom) baze nishonahoi madaniyati ellinistiro yoftand. Dar in davra Fargona yake az viloyathoi muhimmi ziroati Osiyoi Miyona bud. Bino ba manbahoi khattii okhiri asri 2 to melod iqtisodiyoti kishvar khele taraqqi karda budaast. Badi parokandashavii davlati Selevkiyon dar Osiyoi Miyona Shohii Yunonii Bokhtar ba vujud omad.
Dar borai Fargonai asrhoi 2—1 to melod az khotirotu qaydhoi sayyohoni khitoi malumoti muhim paydo karda metavonem. Bino ba akhbori safiri khitoi Chjan-Syan, ki soli 128 to melod ba Osiyoi Miyona omada bud, dar asri 2 to melod in sarzamin Davoe nom dosht. Dertar solnomanigori khitoi Sima-Syan malumoti Chjan Syanro oid ba davlati Davon nisbatan mukammal kardaast. Muvofiqi malumoti makhazho dar in davra dar Davon ziyoda az 70 shahru qasaba vujud dosht va beshtar az 300 hazor aholi mezist. Davon dar Shimolu va Garb bo davlati Kangyuy, dar Janub bo mulkhoi yujiho (kushoniho) hamjavor bud. Khujandu Istaravshan ham chandmuddat dar hayati davlati Davon budand. Iqtisodiyoti mamlakat, az jumla khojagii qishloq, khele inkishof yofta bud. Dehqonon beshtar gandum va sholi mekishtand. Tokdori niz ravnaq dosht. Chorvodori, khususan aslparvari yake az sohahoi asosii iqtisodiyoti mamlakat bud. Dar asri 2 to melod imperatoroii Khitoy ba Fargona maroqi kalon zohir kardand. In du sabab dosht. Yakum, imperatorhoi Khitoy, ki bo mamlakathoi Garb robitahoi muntazami tijorati barqaror kardaya mekhostand, baroi khud dar Osiyoi Miyona takyagohi mustahkame mejustand. Fargona, ki dar sari Rohi buzurgi abreshim joygir bud, ba khitoiho hamchun takyagoh khizmat karda metavonist. Duyum, asphoi khushzoti fargonagi der boz diqqati imperatoroni Khitoyro ba khud mekashid. Soli 104 to melod ba muqobili Fargona bo sardorii lashkarkash Li Guanli armiyai 60-hazora firistoda shud. Sokinoni Fargona bo sarvarii shohi khud Mugua ba istilogaron muqobilati sakht nishon dodand. Khususan muhosirai chilruzai poytakhti Fargona khele vaznin bud. Dar natijai khiyonat Mugua kushta shud va bo in hama khitoiho Fargonaro purra tobei khud gardonda natavonistand. Badi margi Mugua khitoiho ba takhti Fargona namoyandai ashrofi mahalli Mosayro shinondand. Badi az Fargona raftani lashkari Khitoy fargonagiho dastnishondai khitoihoro ba qatl rasonda, barodari khurdii Muguaro (nomash malum nest) shoh elon kardand.
Bino ba malbahoi khatti, Fargona chun Bokhtar, Sugd va Port davlati kalone ba shumor rafta, doroi khojagii qishloq va hunarmandii mutaraqqi budaast. Dar hayoti jamiyatii aholii mamlakat kuhansolon» (namoyandagoni ayoyuu ashrof) mavqei kalon doshtaand. Fargonagiho ba zanho ehtiromi makhsus doshtaand. Mardho suporishi zankhoro bechunucharo ijro mekardaand. In nukta az on guvohi medihad, ki shoyad dar bayni fargonagiho unsurhoi sokhti modarshohi boqi monda boshand.
Ehtimol Fargona dar ibtidoi milod ba hayati davlati Kushoniyon dokhil shuda boshad. Dar ahdi Kushoiibn dar Fargona pakhtakoriyu chorvodorii kuchi rivoj yoft. Chorvohoi khushzot, khususan aspho, chun peshtara shuhrati kalon doshtand.
Dar Fargona az asri 4 sar karda sulolai mahalli hukm merond, ki dar muddati chandin asr barqaror budaast. Faqat az soli 630 Fargona taqriban dah sol be podshohi yagona bud. Muvofiqi malumoti makhazho hokimoni mahalhoi alohidai Fargona muqtadir va mustaqil budaand. Qaribihoi soli 720 dar Fargona podshohi muqtadire hukm merond, ki dar makhazhoi arabi bo nomi Alutar (At-tar) malum ast.
Hokimoni Fargona unvoni mahallii «ikhshid» yo «ikhshad» doshtand. Soli 726 dar Fargona du ikhshid bud; ikhshidi mulkhoyash dar janubi daryoi Sir buda ba arabho va ikhshidi mulkhoyash dar shimoli daryo buda ba turkho itoat mekard. Soli 739 dar Fargona Arslon Tarkhan nom turk hukmroni mekard. Dar on davraho poytakhti Fargona avval shahri Koson, badtar Akhsikat budaast.
Dimnai Koson dar kanori Kosonsoy voqe gashta, az du qism — shahr va kuhandiz iborat ast. Tarhi shahr zuzalqashakl (trapesiya monand) buda, andozai tarafhoi on 160X180 meboshad. Devori shahr burjhoi mustahkam dorad. Dar qismi janubu garbii shahr kuhandiz joy giriftaast. Iqtidori mudofiavii shahrro devori ilovagie niz meafzud, ki 15 m daruntar az devori asosi sokhta shuda bud. Kushk andake durtar az dimna dar balandie meistod. Kushk devori gafsu mustahkame doshta, maydonchaero, ki vusatash 90×70 m ast, girdogird pechonida giriftaast. Devori mazkurro shash burj mustahkamtar kardaand. Az in maydoncha to darvozai shahr du qator devor bud, ki rohi bayni shahru kushkro muhofizat karda, har duro ba ham mepayvast. Tuli umumii atrofi hamai in kharobaho ba 2 km merasad. Soli 1948 A. N. Bervshtam dar in jo hafriyot guzarond. Malum shud, ki boshishgoh hanuz dar davrai Kushoniyon vujud doshtaast. Dar boloi hamin boshishgoh dar ibtidoi asrhoi miyona shahri navi Koson bunyod gardidaast.
Dar in davra aholii asosii Fargonaro khalqiyati evropoinajodi fargonagiho tashkil medodand. Dar Fargona shevahoi zabonhoi sugdi va sakoi mamul budand. Dar qismi garbii Fargona va Quva katibahoi sugdi yoft shudaand. Olimon, az jumla V. A. Livshis, bar chunin aqidaand, ki dar Fargona zaboni makhsusi fargonagn vujud dosht va on ba guruhi zabonhoi sharqii eroni dokhil meshud. V. A. Livshis dar fondi muzei Samarqand tangaero yoft, ki dar rui on kalimahoi «Shohi Fargona» va nomi shoh sabt shudaast. Khati rui tanga oromiasos ast, vale az hamai khathoi eronii miyona, az jumla sugdi, khorazmi va porti, farq dorad. Tanga ba asrhoi 5—6 mutaalliq buda, holo yagona namunai malumi khatiqadimi fargonagi meboshad.
Fargonaro ibtidoi asri 8 Qutayba ibni Muslim zabt kard. Soli 806 dar Sutd shurishi kalon sar zad, ki ba on volii arab Rofe ibni Lays rohbari mekard. Fargonagiho shurishgaronro tarafdori karda, ba onho hamroh shudand. Vale shurish berahmona pakhsh karda shud. Az solhoi 819—820 to okhiri asri 10 Fargona ba ikhtiyori khonadoni Somoniyon guzasht. Namoyandagoni in khonadon Ahmad ibni Asad, Ishoq ibni Ahmad, Muhammad ibni Ishoq, Ibni Asad va digaron hokimoni Fargona budand.
Dar akhdi Somoniyon Fargona yake az viloyathoi az jihati iqtisodi mutaraqqii Movarounnahr ba hisob rafta, markazash — shahri Akhsikat dar sohili rosti daryoi Sir joygir budaast. Dar janubtari daryoi Sir rustohoi Nisoi Bolo va Nisoi Poyon joytir buda, Nisoi Bolo vodii daryochai Surkh va mahalhoi atrofi onro ishgol mekardaast va on qarib 60 deha va yak qator shahrho (Sukh, Rishton, Vankent)-ro dar bar megiriftaast. Rustoi Nisoi Poyon dar sharqtari Nisoi Bolo voqe gashta, dar on shahrhoi kaloni Zandaromash, Marginon (hozira Margelon), Bereng, Ushtikon, Andukan (hozira Andijon), Quva, Ush joygir budaand.
Dar vodni daryochai Isfara rustoi Asbara (Isfara, shahrchahoi asosiash Tamakhush va Bamkakhush) voqe bud. Dar shimoltari daryoi Sir inchunin shahrho va rustohoi Bob (hozira Pop), Borob yo Forob, Turmukan, Koson va Bukand, Chorak, Asht, Turkar, Digarkart, Bigan, Tiskan va Shavdan voqe gardida budaand.
Dar Fargonai Sharqi shahri Nasrobod asos yofta, minbad ba markazi voligi mubaddal shud. Ba Fargona inchunin rustohoi Biskand, Salot va Urast dokhil meshudand.
Dar ahdi Somoniyon dar Fargona khojagii qishloq va hunarmandi taraqqi kard. Dar khojagii qishloq pakhtakori va bogdori maqomi baland dosht.
Dar kuhhoi Fargona sarvathoi tabiat biser budand. Dar nazdikii Akhsikat, dar rustohoi Nekad va digar mahalho tillo va nuqra, dar rustoi Nisoi Bolo qatron (shilm), asbest, tillo, nuqra, ohan, mis, surb, dar nazdikii Sukh simob, dar Uzgand navshodir istikhroj mekardand. Dar rustoi Asbara (Iofara) koni angisht mavjud bud. Dar Fargona zohiran neft niz istehsol menamudand.
Dar shahrhoi Fargona hunarmandi inkishof yofta bud. Hunarmandon asliha, oloti khojagii qishloq va kosibi, zarfhoi filizi, matoi safed (karbos, suf) istehsol mekardand. Dar kushki Qalai Bolo (nazdikii Isfara) masnuoti shishagi mebarovardand. Savdoi dokhili va beruni avj girifta bud. Az Fargona ba Khitoy, Hinduston, mamlakathoi janubu sharqi Evropa mato, asliha, mis, ohan, navshodir, mebarovardand. Fargona na tanho bo mamlakathoi Sharqi musulmoni, balki bo davlathoi Evropa niz aloqai tijorati dosht.
Oid ba madaniyati Fargona dar ahdi Somoniyon baze malumotho mavjudand. Az bayni fargonagiho olimoni mashhur ba kamol rasidaand. Yake az onho munajjim va riyozidon Abulabbos Ahmad ibni Muhammad ibni Kasiri Fargoni (asri 9), ki asari mashhuri «Kitob-ul-harakat-us-samoviya va javome ilm an-nujum»-ro talif kardaast. In risola dar asri 12 ba lotini, asri 13 ba chandin zabonhoi Evropa tarjuma shudaast. Fargoniro dar Evropa to asri 18 meshinokhtand. Muarrikh Abumuhammad Abdulloh ibni Ahmadi Fargoni (asri 10) boshad, dar Misr, Suriya zindagi va ejod kardaast. Pisari u Ahmadi Fargoni dar Misr umr ba sarkhi Tabari»-ro bo malumoti nav mukammaltar gardonidaid. Ahmadi Fargoni inchunin oid ba tarikhi Misr du risola talif namudaast. Asri 11 Fargona zerdasti Qarakhoniyon gardid. Badi muhoribai bayni Qarakhoniyon va Qarakidoniyon (1141) Fargona tobei Qarakidoniyon shud. Dar asri 13 Fargonaro mugulho istilo va kharob kardand. Tanho az okhiri asri 13 sar karda iqtisodiyotu madaniyati ii kishvar az nav ru ba taraqqi nihod. Yake az hokimoni mugul — Tuva (hukmroni 1282 —1306) Andijonro qarorgohi khud intikhob kard, ki on minbad ba yake az markazhoi muhimmi iqtisodii viloyat tabdil yoft.
Badi tasis yoftani davlati Temuriyon Fargona ba hayati on dokhil shud. Dar ahdi Ulugbek hokimi Fargona Ahmad, qati nazar az on ki in kishvar rasman tobei hokimiyati markazi bud, siyosati mustaqilona pesh meburd. Tanho badi ba Fargona lashkar kashidani Ulugbek on purra ba ikhtiyori hokimiyati markazi guzasht. Dar okhiri asri 15 Fargonaro Umarshaykh (padari Zahiruddin Bobur) idora mekard. Umarshaykh hokimiyati Fargonaro az padari khud Abusaid (hukmroni 1451—69) meros girift. Dar ahdi Abusaid Fargona yake az kishvarhoi mutaraqqii davlati Temuriyon ba shumor meraft. Aholii asosii on tojikon va turkho budand. Dar in davra iqtisodiyot va madaniyati Fargona ba darajai balandi inkishof rasid. Muvofiqi malumoti Bobur dar khojagii qishloqi Fargona gallakori, bogdori, tokdori joi namoyonro ishgol mekardand. Khususan bodomi Kandibodom (hozira Konibodom) va Isfara, nokhoi Andijon, anoru zardoluhoi Margelon shuhrati kalon doshtand. Dar Fargona inchunin ziroati polezi (kharbuza, tarbuz) parvarish karda meshudand. Az ziroati tekhniki boshad, chun peshtara pakhta mavqei asosiro ishgol mekard.
Badi vafoti Umarshaykh Zahiruddin Bobur hokimi Fargona shud. Dar ahdi u shahrhoi Akhsi, Koson, Andijon, Ush, Margelon, Isfara khele taraqqi kardand. Dar poytakhti Fargona — shahri Andijon zaboni turki hukmron gardid. Dar bisyor shahru dehaho boshad, zaboni asosii guftuguii mardum chun peshtara zaboni tojiki bud.
Dar asri 16 Fargona ba hayati davlati Shayboniyon dokhil shuda, shahri Andijon ba qarorgohi hokimoni shayboni tabdil yoft. Okhiri asri 16 badi parokandashavii davlati Shayboniyon Fargonaro chand muddat hokimoni mahalli idora kardand. Dar ibtidoi asri 18 yake az amironi qabilai ming Shohrukhbiy dar terretoriyai Fargona ba khonii Khuqand asos guzosht.
Adabiyot: Gafurov B. R., Tojikon. Tarikhi qadimtarin, qadim va asri myyona, kitobi yakum. Dushanbe, 1983; Bernshtrm A. N„ Drevnyaya Fergana, Tashkent, 1951; Zadneprovskiy Yu. A., Drevnyaya zemledelcheskaya kultura Fergani, MIA SSSR, № 118, M.—L., 1962; Bartold V. V., Fergana Sochinenie, tom 3, Moskva, 1965; Litvinskiy’ B. A.. Kurgani i kurumig Zapadnoy Fergani, tom 1—2,. Moskva, 1972; Negmatov N. N., Gosudarstvo Samanidov, Dushanbe, 1977.
N. Nematov, A. Valiev.