Paleontologiya

Paleontologiya (az. paleo…, yun. on, ontos—mavjudot va logiya), ilmest, ki alomathoi zuhuroti hayot va takhavvuli tarikhi organizmhoi davrahoi guzashtai geologiro meomuzad. Az rui mavzui tadqiqot Paleontologiya ilmi biologi buda, bo ge­ologiya robitai zich dorad. Geologiya ilova bar on, ki az malumothoi Paleontologiya farovon istifoda mebarad, chun manbai akhboroti gunogun oid ba muhiti hayoti davrahoi geologi niz khizmat mekunad. Mahz hamin robita Paleonltomiyaro chun ilmi tom dar borai inkishofi olami zinda poydor gardonida, baroi fahmidani tarikhi geologii biosferai Zamin imkoniyat faroham meovarad.

Paleonotomiya ba qismathoi zerin judo meshavad: paleozoologiya, paleobotanika, mikropadeontologiya (mikroorganizmhoi qadima, soddatarinho, ostrakodho, zoo-va fitoplankton, bakteriyaho va gayraro meomuzad), pale­oekologiya (aloqai organizmhoi hafriyotiro bo muhiti atrof va munosibati hamdlgarii onhoro meomuzad), paleogeografiya (vobasta ba tahavvu­li iqlim, tektonika va prosesshoi digar qonuniyati pahnshavii geografii organizmhoro meomuzad), paleoikhnologiya (alomathoi zuhuroti hayoti organizmhoro meomuzad), tafonomiya (qonuniyati az biosfera ba litosfera guzashtani boqimondahoi organikiro meomuzad), paleobiogeografiya (qonuniyati pahnshavii organizmhoro dar guzashtai geologi meomuzad).

Malumotho oid ba sangshavii boqimondai organizmhoi murdarafta hanuz ba faylasufhoi tabiatshinosi aqidai (Ksenofan, Ksant, Gerodot, Teofrast, Arestu va digar) malum bud. Masalan, ba aqidai Arastu osori gushmohihoe, ki dar kuhho yoft meshavand, dar borai yak vaqtho bahr budani nimahalho shahodat medihand. Dar asrhoi miyona, vaqte ki dar Evropa tasavvuroti dini hukmfarmo bud, aqidahoi faylasufhoi antiqa dar asarhoi olimoni fors-tojik Abuali ibni Sino ja Aburayhoni Beruni inkishof yoftand. Dar davrai Ehyo ba tufayli tadqiqothoi Leonardo da Vinchi, Agrikola va digaron tabiati sangshavii boqimondahoi organizmhoi mur­darafta durust tafsir shudand.

Mi­yonahoi asri 18 aqidahoi M. V. Lomonosov, J. Byuffon, J. Getton dar borai muttasil tagyiryobii tabiati zinda, garchande ba tavri stikhiyavi boshad ham, tarafdoroni khudro paydo kardand. K. Linney, agarchi goyai tagyirpazirii namudhoro qatiyan rad kard, vale yagonagii organizmhoi zinda va hafriyotiro etirof namud. Avvali asri 19, ki U. Smit dar Britaniyai Kabir avvalin shuda ba muayyan kardani sinni nisbii qabathoi tahdinii geologi az rui boqimondai hayvonoti bemuhra asos guzosht va dar asosi on kharitai avvalini geologiro (1794) tartib dod, P. ravnaqi ilmi girift. Asosguzoroni Paleontologiyai ilmi J. Kyuve, J. B. La­mark, A. Bronyar va digar budand. J. Kyuve dar tashakkuli anatomiya va paleontologiyai hayvonhoi muhrador roli kalon bozid. U dar natijai harjoniba omukhtani ustukhonhoi hafriyotii shirkhurho ba Paleontologiyai hayvonhoi muhrador asos guzosht.

Asosguzori Paleontologiyai hayvonoti bemuhra J. B. Lamark muallifi avvalin nazariyai tahavvul meboshad. U chunin meshumorad, ki tagyiroti olami orga­niki az tasiri du omil—sharoiti muhiti beruna va durudaroz mashq kardan yo nakardani uzvho barmeoyad. Dar paydoishi paleobotanika asari botaniki fransavi A. Bronyar «Tarikhi nabototi hafriyoti» ro­li halkunanda bozid. Dar asari maz­kur muallif nabototi hozira va hafriyotiro ba ham muqoisa namuda rastanihoi qadimaro az rui siste­mai botaniki ba guruhho taqsim kardaast.

Avvali solhoi 40 asri 19 bo quvvai olimoni bisyor mamlakatho jadvali umumii stratigrafii Zamin murattab yoft. Solhoi 60 asri 19 dar inkishofi Paleontologiya marhalai nave gardid. Avvalhoi in davra bo paydoishi nazariyai evolyutsionii Ch. Darvin aloqamand ast. Ch. Darvin ba malumoti sohahoi gunoguni ilm va tajribai chandinasrai insoniyat oid ba parvarishi nabototi bogiyu hayvonoti khonagi takya namuda, isbot kard, ki olami organikii muosir natijai evolyutsiyai durudaroz va murakkab ast. Asosguzorn Paleontologiyai evolyutsioni V. O Kovalevskiy meboshad.

Faqat badi tadqiqoti u oid ba Paleontologiyai hayvonoti muhrador va tadqiqoti geologi avstriyagi M. Neymayr doir ba Paleontologiyai hayvonhoi bemuhra darvinizm asosi paleontologi paydo kard. Mavqehoi alohidai nazariyai evolyutsioniro paleontologhoi belgiyagi L. Dollo, amerikoi G. Osborn, nemis O. Abel aniq kardand. Dar Rossiya va minbad dar SSSR dar inkishofi in goya olimon A. P. Karpinskiy, A. P. Pavlov, N. I. Andrusov, A. A. Borisyak, A. N. Krishtofovich, N. N. Yakov­lev, I. A. Efremov, L. III. Davitash­vili va digaron hissai arzanda guzoshtand.

Paleontologiya bo bisyor ilmhoi biolog, az jumla morfologiya, anatomiyai muqoisavi, genetikai populyatsioni, si­tologiya, ekologiya va alalkhusus talimoti evolyutsioni robitai zich dorad va usulhoi tadqiqotii in sohahoro harjoniba istifoda mebarad. Masalan, halli problemahoi  namud va ba vujud omadani on, omilu surati tahavvul va samthoi on faqat dar asosi tahlili malumoti pale­ontologi va neontologi imkonnazir ast.

Paleontologiya dar sistemai ilmhoi oid ba Zamin mavqei namoyonro ishgol mekunad. Mahz tadqiqoti paleontolo­gi baroi muayyan namudani sinni nisbii qabathoi geologii Zamin imkoniyat faroham ovard. Paleontologiya bo digar ilmhoi geologi (litologiya, geokhi­miya, biogeokhimiya va gayra) niz robitai zich dorad.

Dar SSSR tadqiqoti paleontologi dar muassisahoi AF SSSR, maktabhoi oli va instituthoi gunoguni sohavi burda meshavad. Dar sistemai AF SSSR Instituti paleontologiya (Moskva) va Instituti paleobiologiyai AF RSS Gurj.  amal mekunand. Dar huzuri yak qator muaosisahoi geologi (Instituti geologiyai AF SSSR, Instituti geologiya va geofizikai Shubai sibirii AF SSOR Instituti geologiyai AF RSS Est.) shuba va laboratoriyahoi Paleontologiya tashkil karda shudaand.

Dar bisyor mamlakatho (dar Bri­taniyan Kabir az soli 1847 va Shveytsariya 1874) jamiyathoi ilmii pale­ontologi vujud dorand. Jamiyati paleontologii rus (holo Jamiyati umumiittifoqi) soli 1916 tasis yofta bud. Dar pahn namudani donishhoi paleontologi Jamiyati moskvagii tabiatshinoson (az soli 1940 seksiyai paleontologi dorad) maqomi baland dorad. Soli 1967 dar huzuri Instituti geologiyai AF RSS Tojikiston shu­bai Paleontologiya va stratigrafiya tashkil yoft. Paleontologhoi tojik dar Shubai tojikistonii Jamnyati umumiittifoqii paleontologii muttahid gardidaand.

Dar SSSR natijahoi tadqiqoti ilmi oid ba Paleontologiya dar «Paleontologi­cheskiy jurnal» (tasisash 1959), «Ejegodnik Vsesoyuznogo paleonto­logicheskogo obshestva »  (tasisash 1947) va nashriyahoi digar chop mesha­vand.

Ad.: Osnovi paleontologii. Spravoch­nik dlya paleontologov i geologov SSSR p 15 tomakh, M„ 11*58—64; Drushis V. V., Obruchyova O. P.. Paleontolo­giya, M., 1971.          m.