PROTORENESSANS

PROTORENESSANS (az proto… va Fransavi Renaissance — Ehyo), davraest dar tarikhi madaniyati italiyavi, ki az bisyor jihatho ba sanatya Ehyo zamina tayyor kardaast. Istilohi «Protorenessans»-ro bori avval tarikhshinosi Shveytsariya Ya. Burkkhardt istifoda burdaast. Protorenessans dar asri 13 va Ibtidoi asri 14 nashunamo yoftaast. Paydoishi Protorenessans ba tashakkuli shahrhoi ozodi Italiya, ki dar onho hunarmandiyu savdo taraqqi karda, yakchand islohoti ziddifeodali guzaronda shuda budand, aloqamand ast. Ba sanati Protorenessans tamoyuli inikosi hissiyu ayonii voqeiyati reali, tasviri hodisoti dunyavi (gairidini) va mayli tamom ba merosi atiqa khos ast. Baze az padidahoi uslubi navi Protorenessans dar san­ati memorii asrhoi11—13-i Toska­na dida meshavad: ruykashi marmarii rangorang, taqsimoti mutanosibu nozuki devori binoho va is­tifodai baze unsurhoi binosozii atiqa ba memorii in davra imkon dod, ki murakkabii uslubi romani­ro bartaraf kunad. Namoyandagoni uslubi gotikai davrai Protopanov (Arnol­fo di Kambio va gayra) ba ofaridahoyashon tamkin va oromi mebakhshidand. Ba sanati haykaltaroshii davrai Protopanov (Nikkolo Pizano va gayra) ragbat ba shaklhoi nafisu zebo, inchunin tasiri davrahoi okhiri sanati yatiqa khos ast. Musavvironi Protopanov (L. Kavallini va Jotto) asarhoi haqqoni va muassir ofaridaand. Hodisai ba hamin monand (kushishi dar chi bovaribakhsh ofarndani obrazho) dar adabiyoti italiyavii in davra niz mushohida meshavad (nazmi maktabi «dolche stil nuovo», Dante). Tamoyuloti Protopanov dar ejodiyoti F. Bru­nelleski, Donatello, Mazachcho naqshi khudro guzoshtaand.